Ch 3- Learning Flashcards
(21 cards)
Learning
acquiring new behaviours
Stimulus
Anything the organism can respond to
Habituation
Reduced response to a stimuli after repeated exposures
Dishabituation
when your response returns to a previously habituated stimuli (usually due to the simultaneous introduction of a new stimuli
Associative learning
association between two stimuli or a behaviour and a response
Explain these classical conditioning terms: UCS UCR Neutral stimuli CS CR acquisition
Neutral stimuli is the stimuli before it is conditioned
Acquisition is the transfer of the UCR to the Neutral stimuli
Extinction and Spontaneous recovery
Extinction is the gradual loss of the CR as the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS.
After full extinction sometimes the CS will still elicit a weak CR; this is spontaneous recovery
Generalization
Stimuli similar to the CS can cause the CR to be elicited (even though they were never paired with the UCS
Discrimination
When stimuli similar to the CS do not elicit the CR
Behaviourism
A theoretical framework rooted in the assumption that all behaviours are conditioned
Escape learning and Avoidance learning. What operant category do these fall under?
These fall under negative reinforcers
Escape–> When you are getting rid of something that is already unpleasently affecting you
Avoidance–> Avoiding something that will have an unpleasant effect in he future
Primary and secondary reinforcer
A primary reinforcer is something that naturally will act as a positive reinforcer (eg food). A secondary reinforcer is paired and conditioned with the primary to elicit the behaviour (eg verbal command)
Explain each schedule and how behaviour responding to it would look Fixed-Ratio Variable-Ratio Fixed-Interval Variable-Interval
Fixed-Ratio–> Reinfocement happens after a specific amount of performances
Variable-Ratio–> Reinforment occures on average after a certain amount of performaces (but the actual amount is variable)
Fixed-Interval–> Reiforcement occures on the first performance after a set period of time
Variable-Interval–>Reiforcement occures on the first performance after a variable set of time
Variable-ratio creates the most constanst responding
Fixed schedules create a drop in responding right after the reinforcement because the organism learns that reinforcement will not come right after
Shaping
Using reinforcement to influence increasingly complex leading to a desired complex behaviour gradually
Latent learning
Learning occurs without reward but the behaviour isn’t elicited until the reward is introduced
Problem-solving
Applying learned priciples in a novel way
Prepardeness
When a organism is predisposed to learn a certain behaviour (humans are predisposed to learn language
Instinctual Drift
When learning contradicts the natural tendencies of the organism it is much harder to have it occur (the animal usually reverts to it’s natural tendencies
Mirror neurons and what type of learning they are involved in? Where are they located
They are nerons that fire when we are obsvering a behaviour and when we are performing that same behaviour. They are an important component of observational learning. Frontal and parietal lobes
Modeling
Usually we do what others do and not what they say
If a parent tells a child not to swear but then swears infront of the child what is the child likely to learn?
They will learn that swearing is ok.
