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BIO 1010 > Ch. 3 The Chemical Building Blocks Of Life > Flashcards

Ch. 3 The Chemical Building Blocks Of Life Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen are called

A

Hydrocarbons

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2
Q

Organic molecules having the same molecular or empirical formula can exist in different forms called

A

Isomers

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3
Q

Differences in actual structure of the carbon skeleton

A

Structural isomers

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4
Q

Same carbon skeleton, differ in how groups are attached and arranged

A

Stereoisomers

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5
Q

A ______ is a long molecule built by linking together a large number of small, similar chemical subunits called ________

A

Polymer;monomers

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6
Q

The long chain are built via chemical reactions termed as _______, and broken down by _______

A

Dehydration reactions; hydrolysis reactions

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7
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Addition of water molecule

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8
Q

Most important of the 6-carbon monosaccharides, it aids in _______

A

Glucose; energy storage

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9
Q

_________ are a loosely defined group of molecules that all contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

A

Carbohydrates

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10
Q

The simplest of the carbohydrates are the ________

A

Monosaccharides

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11
Q

Empirical formula of 6-carbon sugar, or simple sugar

A

C6H12O6

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12
Q

Transport forms of sugars are commonly made by linking monosaccharides together to form _________

A

Disaccharides

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13
Q

_________ serve as effective reservoirs of glucose because the enzymes that normally use glucose in the organism cannot break the bonk linking the two monosacharrides

A

Disaccharides

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14
Q

5 carbon sugars

A

Ribose;deoxyribose

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15
Q

6-carbon sugars

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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16
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Polymers are large molecules composed of many similar smaller molecules in a chain like fashion, joined by covalent bonds

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17
Q

What is the valence of a carbon atom?

A

4

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18
Q

Which elements/atoms make up a hydrocarbon?

A

Hydrocarbons are compounds composed entirely of hydrogen and carbon

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19
Q

Which elements/atoms make up a carbohydrate

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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20
Q

Hydroxyl - formula + properties

A

—OH; polarity, ability to hydrogen bond, hydrophilic, polar, can act as an acid

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21
Q

Amino - formula + properties - WRITE IT OUT

A

-N top H, bottom H; main components of amino acid - monomers of protein, basic

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22
Q

Carboxyl - formula + properties, draw it

A

—C double bond O top, single bond OH bottom; hydrophilic, stabilizes protein structures, acts as an acid

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23
Q

Phosphate - formula + properties, draw it out

A

—O—P—OH (double bond OH below P, Single bond O above P; acts as an acid, can donate protons, important structural component in nucleic acids, chemical energy

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24
Q

Sulfydryl - formula + properties, draw it out

A

—S—H; Polar, found in proteins/protein structure, reactive, thiol

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25
Carbonyl - formula + properties, draw it out
—C—H double bond O above C; polar, reactive
26
Draw galactose (check yourself)
Galactose
27
How does galactose differ from glucose?
Differs in the position of its 4th hydroxyl group, gives galactose different properties
28
Draw fructose (check yourself)
Fructose
29
What is the chemical formula for galactose
C6H12O6
30
What is the formula of fructose?
C6H12C6
31
How does fructose differ from glucose?
Fructose is a 5-carbon monosaccharide, where as glucose is a 6-carbon ring
32
What two monosaccharides make a sucrose molecule?
Glucose + fructose
33
What two monosaccharides make a maltose molecule?
Glucose
34
What are discaccharides linked together by? What kind of bond is it?
Glycosidic linkage; covalent bond
35
Draw sucrose
Sucrose
36
What two monosaccharides make a sucrose molecule?
Glucose + fructose
37
Draw lactose
lactose
38
What two monosaccharides make a lactose molecule?
Galactose, glucose
39
___________ means many sugars. These are long _________ with large numbers of a monosaccharide
Polysaccharide; polymers
40
________ is a string of glucose molecules held together by ________. _______ is used by plants for energy storage and consumed by animals as a source of nutrition
Starch;glycosidic linkages;starch
41
What polysaccharide is used by animals for energy storage?
Glycogen
42
How is this molecule similar but different from starch?
They are both bonded polymers composed of glucose, but starch is found/used in plants
43
The polysaccharide ________ is used for structural support in plant cell walls.
Cellulose
44
How do cellulose molecules differ from starch and glycogen, making it indigestible by animals?
Cellulose differs in its structure made of B-glucose subunits, and these are rotated 180 degrees around the C-backbone
45
Where in nature would one find the polysaccharide chitin?
Cell walls within fungi
46
How do chitin molecules differ from cellulose?
Chitin monomer is N—acetlyglucosamine, cellulose is glucose
47
Where in nature would one find the polysaccharide peptidoglycan?
Cell wall in bacteria?
48
How do peptidodoglycan molecules differ from cellulose?
Polymer that makes up cell wall in bacteria vs. the polymer that composes the cell wall in fungi
49
DNA - _________ - is a polymer made of a repeating subunit called a __________
Deoxyribonucleic acid; doexyribonucleotide
50
What is the function of DNA?
To encode, carry out information
51
Draw DNA basic structure, label 1 to 5 C & its two functional groups
Draw/check
52
Why is the phosphate on a nucleotide called the 5’ phosphate and the hydroxyl called the 3’ hydroxyl?
They are linked to the 5’ carbon and the 3’ carbon
53
Name four structural elements found in every nucleotide base
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
54
A covalent bond forms between which two functional groups on the individual nucleotides?
5’ Phosphate, 3’ Hydroxyl
55
What do we call the covalent bond between two nucleotides?
Phosphodiester bond
56
Name the two groups of deoxynucleotides
Pyramidines; Purines
57
Pryimidines - _______, _______
Cytosine, Thymine + Uracil in RNA
58
Purines
Guanine,Adenine
59
Why is the orientation of the individual strands making a dna double helix defined as anti-parallel?
Same chemical structure, anti-parallel due to opposed directions
60
What type of bond forms between the nucleotide bases on the opposite strands of a double helical DNA molecule?
Hydrogen bonds
61
Which bases pair with one another in double stranded DNA?
A-T, C-G
62
How does an RNA nucleotide differ from a DNA nucleotide?
RNA contains ribose sugar in every nucleotide, contains uracil nitrogenous base instead of thymine
63
What are the five common nucleotides found in DNA and RNA?
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil
64
Define Monosaccharide with an example
Simple sugar, simplest unit of carbohydrates, monomer of carbohydrates ex. Glucose
65
Define Disaccharide and give an example
Two monosaccharides linked together by way of glycosidic bonds ex. Sucrose
66
Define polysaccharide and give an example
Long chain like strands of monosaccharides linked together via glycosidic bonds ex. Starch
67
Why is the phosphate functional group of a nucleotide referred to as the 5’ phosphate?
The phosphate functional group is attached to the 5’ carbon of the nucleotide
68
What is the relationship of nucleotides and nucleic acid?
Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acid. Nucleotides are the monomers
69
What are the roles of hydrogen bonds and phosphodeister bonds in the structure of a DNA double helix?
Hydrogen bonds allow for the nitrogenous bases of nucleotides to link and pair. The phosphodeister bonds are the bonds that link nucleotides together via their 5’ phosphate and 3’ hydroxyl. Both of these bonds are crucial in their roles of stability and replication.
70
What is a structural difference between a ribonucleotide and a deoxynucleotide?
The major difference between the two is the sugar, RNA consists of ribose sugar as opposed to DNA’s deoxyribose
71
How many different amino acids make up all the living things on Earth?
20
72
What is the role of hydrogen bonds in the structure of a DNA double helix?
Hydrogen bonds occur between complementary nitrogenous base pairs, responsible for base-pair formation.
73
What is the role of phosphodiester bonds in the structure of a DNA double helix?
Phosphodiester bonds are strong bonds that link nucleotides together by way of their 5’ carbon and 3’ carbon, making the backbone of DNA and RNA.
74
Hydroxyl functions
Introduces polarity and can form hydrogen bonds
75
Amino functions
Can make a carbon compound alkaline (basic)
76
Carboxyl functions
Can make a carbon compound acidic
77
Phosphate functions
Important for cellular energetics (think ATP)
78
Sulfydryl functions
Important for protein folding
79
Carbonyl functions
Highly reactive
80
Which simple sugars link to form sucrose?
Glucose and fructose
81
Chitin
Structural support in fungi and insects
82
Starch
Energy storage in plants
83
Peptidoglycan
Structural support for bacterial cells
84
Glycogen
Energy storage in animals
85
Cellulose
Structural support for plant cells

BIO 1010 (11 decks)

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