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115 LEC > Ch. 31 > Flashcards

Ch. 31 Flashcards

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1
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Normal protective immune response that turns against the body leading to tissue damage

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2
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Body produces inappropriate responses to specific antigens

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3
Q

Gammopathies

A

Overproduction of immunoglobulnis

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4
Q

Primary immune deficiencies

A

Deficiency results from improper development of immune cells or tissues; congenital or inherited

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5
Q

Secondary immune deficiencies

A

Deficiency results from some interference with already developed immune system; usually acquired later in life

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6
Q

What is the function of bone marrow for immune system?

A

WBC are produced in bone marrow
-lymphocytes are generated from stem cells
**B cells and T cells

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7
Q

What is the function of the spleen for immune system?

A

Acts like a filter.
Composed of red pulp - where old RBCs are destroyed & White pulp - which contains lymphocytes

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8
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes for immune system?

A

Remove foreign material from lymph system before it enters bloodstream.
-Centers for immune cell proliferations

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9
Q

Bone Marrow creates B lymphocytes which turn into 1 of 2 things?

A

Memory cells
Plasma cells which create antibodies

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10
Q

The Thymus creates Regulator T cells which turn into what 1 of 2 cells?

A

Helper T cells
Suppressor T Cells

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11
Q

The Thymus creates Effector T cells which turns into

A

Cytotoxic T cells

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12
Q

What cells are involved in natural immune response?

A

monocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells
Natural killer cells
Basophiles
Eosinophils
granulocytes

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13
Q

What are the granulocyte cells and how do they fight?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
-Releasing cell mediators (histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins) & by engulfing foreign bodies

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14
Q

What cell arrives first at site of inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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15
Q

What cells increase in allergic reactions and stress responses?

A

Eosinophils & basophils

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16
Q

What are the nongranular leukocytes?

A

Monocytes/Macrophages
Lymphocytes

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17
Q

Monocytes function as

A

First on the scene
Phagoctosis

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18
Q

What are the chemical barriers that act in a nonspecific way to destroy bacteria and fungi?

A

Mucus, acidic gastric secretions
enzymes in tears and saliva
Substances in sebaceous and sweat

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19
Q

The acquired immune response is divided into 2 mechanisms?

A

cell-mediated response (involving t-cell activation)
Effector mechanism - involving B cell maturation & antibodies

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20
Q

What is active acquired immunity

A

Immunologic defenses developed by a persons own body

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21
Q

Passive acquired immunity is

A

temporary immunity transmitted from a source outside the body (disease or immunization)

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22
Q

1st line of defense is

A

Phagocytic immune response

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23
Q

2nd protective response is

A

Humoral immune response - B cells which transform into plamsa cells or antibodies

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24
Q

3rd mechanism of defense is

A

Cellular immune response - T lymphocytes which turn into cytotoxic T cells that attack pathogens

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25
What are the 4 defined stages in an immune response?
-Recognition - lymph nodes/lymphocytes patrol & tag as foreign -Proliferation - lymphocytes with antigenic message stimulate T & B cells to enlarge, divide and proliferate -Response - produce antibodies and/or become attack cells Effector - connects antigen on foreign invader
26
What is the humoral immune response?
production of antibodies by B lymphocytes in response to specific antigen
27
IgG
-in serum & Tissues -Major role in bloodborn & tissue infections -Activates complement system -Enhances ohagocytosis -Crosses placenta
28
IgG
-in serum & Tissues -Major role in bloodborn & tissue infections -Activates complement system -Enhances ohagocytosis -Crosses placenta
29
IgA
-in body fluids -Protects against respiratory, GI and GU infections -Prevents absoprtion of antigens from food -Passes to neonate in breastmilk for protection
30
IgM
-in Intravascular serum -Appears as 1st immunoglobulin produced in response to bacterial and viral infections -Activated complement system
31
IgD
-in small amounts in serum -Possibily influence B lympho differntiation
32
IgE
-Appears in serum -Takes part in allergic/hypersensitivity reactions -Combats parasitic infections
33
Antigenic determinant
portion of antigen involved in binding with antibody
34
What do helper T cells do?
Activated on recognition of antigens then they secrete cytokines which attract B cells, cytotoxic t cells, NK cells, macrophages *are activated on recognition of antigens and stimulate the rest of immune system
35
What do cytotoxic T cells do?
attack the antigen directly by causing cell lysis
36
What do suppressor T cells do?
decrease B cell production, thereby keeping the immune response at a level compatable with health
37
What do Null lymphocytes do?
destroy antigens already coated with antibody (antibody-dependent, cell mediated cytotoxicity)
38
Complement has what 3 major physiologic functions?
1. defending the body against bacterial infection 2. bridging natural and acquired immunity 3. disposing of immune complexes and by products assoc with inflammation
39
the complement cascade is activated by what 3 pathways?
Classic - after antibodies bind to microbes Lectin - plasma protein binds to residue on microbe Alternative - when complement proteins are activated on microbes
40
Interferon
Protein that is naturally produced and capable of activating other components of the immune system (suppressing antibody production & cellular immunity) -antiviral and antitumor properties / used to treat immune-related disorders -Produced by T lympho, B lympho and macrophages in response to antigens
41
Colony stimulating factors
regulate the production of differentiation, survival and activation of hematopoietic cells
42
What are some signs of immune dysfunction in respiratory system?
Changes in resp. rate Cough abnormal lung sounds Rhinitis Hyperventilation Bronchospasm
43
What are some signs of immune dysfuntion in cardio system>
Hypotension tachycardia arrhythmia vasculitis anemia
44
What are some symptoms of immune dysfuntion in GI system?
Hepatosplenomegaly Colitis vomit diarrhea
45
What are some symptoms of immune dysfuntion in GU system
Freq & buring urination Hematuria Discharge
46
What are some symptoms of immune dysfuntion of skin?
Rashes, lesions Dermatitis, hematomas edema inflammation
47
What are some symptoms of immune dysfunction in the neurosensory system?
Cognitive dysfunction hearing loss visual changes headaches ataxia tetany
48
What are the physical barriers of immune system?
Intact skin, mucous membranes, cilia of respiratory tract which prevent pathogens from gaining access to the body
49
When an immune response fails to develop and clear an antigen effectively the host is considered immunocompromised, if the response is overly robust what develops?
Allergies, asthma, autoimmune disease
50
What is an antibody?
a protein substance developed by the body, transported in the blood and attempts to disable invadres
51
What is an antigen?
the structural part of invading or attacking organisms that is responsible for stimulating antibody production
52
Recognition involves what parts of the body
lymph nodes and lymphocytes
53
What are the 6 cellular responses of T cells?
-transplant rejection -delayed hypersensitivity -graft vs host diease -tumor surveillance or destruction -intracellular infections -viral, fungal, parasitic infections
54
Invading organisms have -----contained in their cell membrane that are recognized by immune cells
PAMPS pathogen-associated molecular patterns
55
Viral antigens produce what response
Cellular response
56
What is the 5 cellular functions of Humoral response (B cells)
-Bacterial phagocytosis & lysis -anaphylaxis -Allergic hay fever and asthma -Immune complex disease -Bacterial and some viral infections
57
The T lymphocytes are primarily responsible for
cellular immunity
58
HUMORAL Cells Function
B lymphocytes Produced antibodies or immunoglobins
59
CELLULAR cells functions
T lymphocyte Helper T Suppressor T Memory T Cytotoxic T -Attacks foreign invaders directly -initiaites inflammatory response -increased activated cytotoxic T cells -increases B cell antibody -Suppressed immune response -lysis cells infected with virus
60
NONSPECIFIC Cells Function
Null cell / nK Destroys antigens already coated with antibody Defends against microorganisms and some types of malignant cells; produces cytokines
61
What is an interferon
a nonspecific viricidal protein that naturally produced by the body and capable of activating other components of immune system -Antiviral & antitumor properties -Produced by t lymphocytes, b lymphocytes, and macrophages in response to antigens
62
What are colony-stimulating factors
group of naturally occuring glycoprotein cytokines that regulate production, differentiation, survival and activation of hemipoietic cells

115 LEC (5 decks)

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