Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathophysiology > Ch. 32 > Flashcards

Ch. 32 Flashcards

(94 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What has to be present for a cell to respond to a hormone?

A

the receptors for the hormone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is down/up regulation?

A

cell makes fewer/more hormone receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Do different cells respond differently to the same hormone?

A

YES

progesterone enlarges breast tissue, while it does something different in the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is endocrine function?

A

hormone has to travel in circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is paracrine function?

A

hormones act on nearby cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is autcrine function?

A

hormone effects cell that made it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is T3 and T4 destroyed and passed out?

A

The liver and in bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a primary hormone disorder?

A

an abnormality in the gland where the hormone is produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a secondary hormone disorder?

A

This is where there is an abnormality in the stimulation from the pituitary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a tertiary hormone disorder?

A

there is an abnormality in the stimulation from the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens with hormone regulation after the outside input has been processed by the hypothalamus?

A

The hypothalamus will decide to secrete more or less of a releasing hormone that will act on the pituitary gland

The pituitary gland will then release stimulating (trophic) hormones that will act on a peripheral gland

The peripheral gland will then release its hormone which will act on its target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the pituitary hormones that we need to know?

A

GH (growth hormone)

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
What

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperpituitary?

A

anterior pituitary adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the S/S of hyperprolactinemia?

A

WOMEN:

amenorrhea - loss of period

galactorrhea - milk production without pregnancy

infertility

MEN:

impotence

loss of libido

galactorrhea

SOMETIMES BECAUSE OF CLOSE PROXIMITY TO OPTIC NERVE THERE WILL BE VISUAL ISSUES: LIKE LOSS OF PERIPHERAL FIELD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

With hypopituitary, is it all the cells being affected, or a specific subset?

A

it can be either or

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How much of the pituitary must be destroyed in order for hypopituitary to manifest?

A

70-90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the causes of hypoptuitary?

A

congenital hypopituitary, space occupying lesions, or radiation therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Does hypopituitary progress rapidly?

A

No, its usually slow in prgression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the typical order you will loose hormones with hypopituitary?

A

1: GH, LH, FSH
2: TSH
3: ACTH
4: prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is another name for growth hormone?

A

somatotropin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What stimulates the release of GH??

A

hypoglycemia

fasting

starvation

stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What inhibits GH secretions?

A

hyperglycemia, free fatty acid release, obesity, cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

`How do the growth promoting actions of GH work?

A

It tells the liver to secrete IGF-1 (insulin like growth factor)

this causes an increase in protein synthesis

This causes the bone and cartliage linear growth to increase, an increase in the size and function of body organs, and an increase in lean muscle mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the anti-insulin actions of GH?

A

It increases lipolysis of adipose tissue, which increases our use a free fatty acids, as well as a decrease in adipose tissue

It also decreases the use of carbohydrates (glucose), which INCREASES BLOOD GLUCOSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Can GH make cells resistant to insulin?
yes yes yes
26
What can be the causes of GH deficiency?
Idiopathic GH deficiency: lack of hypothalamic GHRH pituitary tumors or agenesis of the pituitary: cant produce GH Laron-type dwarfism: heredetary defect in IGF production
27
How do we name a GH excess that happens in different stages of life?
childhood: gigantism adulthood: acromegaly (mainly effect cartilagenous tissue because growth plates have closed by this time) also can see heat intolerance, oily skin, muscle weakness, menstrual irregularity
28
What are some other manifestations of GH excess?
HTN sleep apnea paresthesias headaches ALL OF THIS IS FROM OVERGROWTH THAT TRAPS OR OBSTRUCTS OTHER TISSUES
29
What is a common cause of GH excess?
benign adenoma
30
What hormones does the thyroid release?
T3 and T4 CARRIED BY BINDING PROTEINS
31
What do we measure to test for thyroid function
T3 free T4 TSH anti-TPO antibodies (autu-immune (like hashimotots)) destroys receptor sites on thyroid for TSH radioiodine uptake (radiographic test)
32
What does T3 stimulate?
metabolism and protein synthesis in nearly all tissues of the body (including CNS)
33
Is T4 active?
No, not until it is converted into T3, happens in tissues
34
What controls the negative feedback look of thyroid hormones?
levels of T4 and T3 COMMUNICATE TO HYPOTHALAMUS
35
What tissues aren't effected by the thyroid?
testes, spleen, retinas, lungs
36
What effect does the thyroid have on all cells?
increases metabolic rate, and muscle protein used for food
37
How does the thyroid affect our cholesterol?
hypo: high cholesterol hyper: low cholersterol
38
What does hyperthyroidism do to our muscles and vitamin supply?
muscle fatigue vitamin deficiency
39
What do altered levels of thyroid hormone do to the heart?
Hyper: increased HR, contractility, CO (particularly dangerous increase in metabolism if some has atherosclerosis, danger of heart attack) hypo: decreased HR, contractility, CO (very bad if someone has heart failure)
40
What do altered levels of thyroid hormone do to the GI tract?
hyper: diarrhea (increased motility, and production of secretions) Hypo: constipation (decreased motility and GI secretions)
41
What do altered levels of thyroid hormone do to neuromuscular?
hyper: fine muscle tremor, nervous, anxiety hypo: sluggish, mentally slow
42
How do we treat hypothyroidism regardless of the cause?
hormone replacement, (sometimes treatment for hyperthyroidism causes hypothyroidism and need for supplementation)
43
Can thyroid hormone cross the placenta? why is this important with congenital hypothyoidism?
YES if the mom is providing the fetal thyroid hormone and the baby has a deficient thyroid, we wont know until the baby is born and shows symptoms)
44
What are some symptoms of a baby with hypothyroidism?
jaundice hoarse cry sluggish umbilical hernias feeding issues
45
What is the most preventable cause of mental retardation?
congenital hypothyroidism
46
What is the most common type of hypothyroidism?
acquired (more specifically hashimotos thyroiditis)
47
What are the types of acquired hypothyroidism?
hashimotos thyoiditis thyroidectomy
48
What is another name for hyperthyroidism?
thyrotoxicosis
49
What is required for the synthesis of T3 and T4?
IODINE (if we dont have iodine we will have a decreased metabolism)
50
Is there a negative feedback to the hypothalamus for TSH?
NO NO NO
51
What happens if the thyroid cant make T3 or T4 and the hypothalamus continues to stimulate more and more production of T3 and T4 because of the low levels in the body?
The hypothalamus will continue to release TRH, which will tell the pituitary to make TSH, which will tell the thyroid to get to work. This issue is that if the thyroid cant work to make these hormones (might not have the iodine building block to make it) then it will continue to get stimulated and will eventually hypertrophy causing a GOITER
52
What do we eat that has been supplemented with iodine?
salt
53
What are your T4 and TSH levels with hypothyroidism?
T4 low TSH high
54
Is hypothyroidism a primary, secondary, or tertiary disorder most commonly?
PRIMARY
55
What can cause hypothyroidism?
thyroidectomy radiation ablation iodine deficiency or severe ingestion of iodine hashimoto
56
Go more in depth about hashimoto thyoiditis.
This is an autoimmune disorder The body has anti-TPO antibody that attacks the receptors on the thyroid for TSH, which means they dont make more T4 TSH is high and T4 is low sometimes will present with a goiter, but not always treated with supplements
57
What is myxedema?
a severe form of hypothyroidism where a levels get so low that we can go into a coma, become hypothermis (low metabolism), and cardiovascular collapse.
58
What are the symptoms of hypothyroid?
cold intolerance,lethargy, impaired memory, peripheral edema and puffy face, deep coarse voice, bradycardia, constipation, gastric atrophy (can lead to B12 deficiency), gain weight, swelling, muscle weakness, pallor, coarse brittle hair, large tongue, loss of lateral eyebrows
59
What is one of the most common causes of hyperthyroidism?
Graves disease
60
describe graves disease and its defining manifestations.
an autoimmune disorder that causes abnormal stimulation of thyroid gland by it TSH receptor antibodies, happens mainly in women from 20 to 40 diffuse goiter exopthalmus
61
What are some other causes of hyperthyroidism?
multinodular goiter adenoma thyroiditis iodine agent
62
Describe a thyroid crisis (storm).
this is a severe thyrotoxic state with very high mortality rate if not diagnosed early and treated immediately mortality rates are mainly associated with the cardiac complications it causes
63
What is the function on ACTH? what secretes it?
It tells the adrenal cortex to produce hormones (cortisol, androgens, aldosterone) the pituitary secretes it
64
What type of hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?
steroid hormones (30 different ones)
65
What are these hormones synthesized from?
acetate and CHOLESTEROL
66
`What metabolizes the hormones made by the adrenal cortex?
The liver (funny because the liver makes the cholesterol that makes the hormone and also breaks it down)
67
What is the major glucocorticoid hormone?
cortisol
68
What do androgens do?
chief sex hormone effects pubic and axillary hair growth and fetal placental growth
69
What is aldosterone?
major mineral corticoid steroid hormone
70
What does aldosterone regulate?
sodium, potassium and water
71
What regulates production of aldosterone as well?
renin and angiotensin levels water, sodium, and potassium levels
72
What regulates the production of cortisol?
negative feedback loop with hyperthalamus, pituitary, and adrenal cortex system
73
What does cortisol do? (overview)
controls metabolic function of body and inflammatory response
74
What do we have if we have too much cortisol?
cushings syndrome
75
What effects does cortisol have on the body?
immune/inflammatory suppression plasma proteins increased CATABOLISM INCREASE: muscle breakdown sns response increase blood glucose increase free fatty acids increase
76
How does cortisol specifically affect the immune/inflammatory response?
inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis decreased capillary permeability depression of phagocytosis reduction of fever inhibition of fibroblasts (exudate and healing) decreased antibody formation
77
`What are some things that can cause adrenal cortical disorders?
congenital adrenal hyperplasia adrenal cortical insufficiency excessive adrenal secretion
78
Describe congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
autosomal recessive trait lacking enzymes needed to synthesize corticol, therefore an increase level of ACTH overstimulates adrenal androgens and causes hyperplasia
79
Describe adrenal cortical insufficiency, and the two types.
This is where the body cant make any of the 3 hormones primary: addisons disease secondary adrenal cortical isufficiency: issue with the pituitary gland OR withdrawal of glucocorticoids (mimics addisons disease)
80
What is an acute adrenal crisisand its symptoms?
This is a life threatening condition causes nausea and vomiting, muscle weakness, hypotension, dehydration, and vascular
81
Other than cushings syndrome, what is another excess adrenal secretion condition?
hyperaldosteronism (a lot of time this is paired with cushings)
82
Why is it important to slowly wean people off of glucocorticoids?
This is important so we dont have a secondary adrenal cortical insufficieny that mimics addisons
83
What is another common time that people get a secondary adrenal cortical insufficiency?
when people are under a lot of stress.
84
Describe addisons disease.
this is a primary adrenal cortical insufficiency RARE autoimmune affects all layers of the adrenal cortex associated with TB infection
85
What disorder mimics addisons disease?
secondary adrenal cortical insuficiency
86
What are some other causes a adrenal insufficiency?
metastatic carcinoma fungal (histoplasmosis) cytomegalovirus amyloid disease hemochromotosis
87
What are some manifestations of addisons?
hyperpigmentation of skin (bronze tone) hypoglycemia mucle weakness loss of weight vomiting diarrhea cardiac insufficiency hypotension adrenal atrophy destruction urinary losses (sodium, water) retention of potassium
88
What is hypercorticolism of any cause called?
cushings syndrome
89
What are the three important causes cushings syndrome?
tumor of pituitary gland (causes excessive ACTH production) tumor of the adrenal gland non-pituitary ACTH secreting tumnor
90
What is an iatrogenic cause of cushings sydrome?
long term cortisone therapy (stopping or weaning treatment cures it in this case)
91
What are some manifestations of cushings syndrome?`
buffalo hump and moon face (altered fat metabolism) altered glucose metabolism (overt diabetes common) skinny arms and legs, weakness, poor wound healing (protein breakdown and muscle wasting) pupura osteoporosis bruising amenorrhea
92
With cushings syndrome, will we also see an increase in mineralcorticoids and androgen levels?
YES YES YES
93
What is an incidental adrenal mass?
a tumor on the adrenal most are benign
94
At what size should an incidental adrenal mass be removed?
4cm

Pathophysiology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions