Ch. 32 Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Question 1

What are two causes of Varicose Veins?

Answer 1

1. Injury or disease involving the saphenous vein valves
2. gradual venous distention caused by the action of gravity on blood in the legs.

Question 2

Chronic Venous Insufficiency

Answer 2

inadequate venous return over a long period of time

Question 3

Treatment of Varicose Veins

Answer 3

elevating the legs, wearing compression bandages or stocking and performing physical exercises

Question 4

Why are venous thrombi more common than arterial thrombi?

Answer 4

flow and pressure are lower in the vein than in the arteries

Question 5

Triad of Virchow (factors that promote venous stasis)

Answer 5

1. venous stasis
2. venous endothelial damage
3. hyper coagulable states

Question 6

Tissue Factor produced by cancer cells activates…

Answer 6

coagulation, fibrin synthesis and platelet activation

Question 7

Plasminogen activator inhibitor -1

Answer 7

produced by cancer cells, inhibit the fibrinolytic system

Question 8

endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), also known as the activated protein C receptor (APC receptor)

Answer 8

is a transmembrane glycoprotein that plays a crucial role in regulating blood coagulation, inflammation, and vascular integrity by enhancing protein C activation and mediating its cytoprotective effects

Question 9

The most common inherited hyper-coagulability state

Answer 9

factor V leiden mutation, which affects 3% to 8%, cause of 20% to 25% of venous thromboembolism cases

Question 10

Factor V Leiden results from…

Answer 10

single point mutation in the Factor V which causes inadequate anticoagulant response to activated protein C

Question 11

If D-dimer is elevated, diagnosis of DVT is confirmed by

Answer 11

doppler ultransonography

Question 12

Superior Vena Cava Syndrom

Answer 12

progressive occlusion of the the superior vena cava that leads to venous distention in the upper extremities and head.

Question 13

Most common cause of SVCS

Answer 13

bronchogenic cancer followed by lymphomas and metastasis of other cancers

Question 14

Clinical Manifestations of SVCS are

Answer 14

Edema, and venous distention in the upper extremities and face, including the ocular beds

Question 15

Diagnosis of SVCS

Answer 15

chest x-ray, doppler studies, CT, MRI and ultrasound

Question 16

Treatment of SVCS

Answer 16

if malignant disorders radiation therapy, SX, chemotherapy and the administration of diuretics, steroids and anticoagulation therapy

Question 17

What defines hypertension

Answer 17

sustained systolic blood pressure of 130mm Hg or a diastolic pressure of 80mm Hg or greater

Question 18

Secondary Hypertension

Answer 18

caused by underlying disease process or medication that raises PVR or cardiac output
ex. renal vascular disease, adrenocortical tumors, oral contraceptives, antihistamines

Question 19

Family history
advancing age
cigarrette smoking
obesity
heavy alcohol consumption
sex
black race
high dietary sodium intake
low intake of k+, calcium or magnesiumn
glucose intolerance

Answer 19

Risk factors for Primary hypertension

Question 20

The “pressure-natriuresis relationship”

Answer 20

describes how the kidneys respond to changes in blood pressure by excreting more or less sodium and water, ultimately influencing blood volume and pressure

Question 21

The primary function of leptin

Answer 21

to interact with the hypothalamus to control body weight through appetite inhibition and increased metabolic rate

Question 22

Adiponectin

Answer 22

is a hormone your adipose (fat) tissue releases that helps with insulin sensitivity and inflammation.

Question 23

increased leptin and decreased leptin are associated with

Answer 23

obesity

Question 24

insulin resistance promotes overactivity of…

Answer 24

SNS and RAAS

Question 25

hypertrophy characterized by

Answer 25

myocardium that is thickened, scarred, and less able to relax during diastole, leading to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Question 26

now recognized as an early sign of impending renal dysfunction

Answer 26

microalbuminuria

Question 27

atherosclerosis

Answer 27

caused by the accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages within the arterial wall, which leads to plaque buildup

Question 28

Foam cells are

Answer 28

macrophages (white blood cells) that have accumulated large amounts of lipids, primarily cholesterol and triglycerides

Question 29

C-reactive protein (CRP)

Answer 29

is a protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation.

Question 30

what control the serum levels of LDL

Answer 30

the liver, because LDL is controlled by a hepatic receptors

Question 31

"reverse cholesterol transport"

Answer 31

HDL, which returns excess cholesterol from the tissues to the liver for processing or elimination in the bile

Question 32

hs-CRP

Answer 32

protein synthesized in the liver and is used as an indirect measure of atherosclerotic plaque-related inflammation

Question 33

primary used of hs-CRP

Answer 33

aid to decision-making about pharmacologic interventions for individuals with other risk factors for CAD

Question 34

LDL oxidation

Answer 34

is a process in which low-density lipoprotein (LDL), also known as "bad" cholesterol, becomes damaged. This damage can lead to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, which are deposits of fat and cholesterol in the arteries

Question 35

Takotsubo syndrome

Answer 35

acute reversible heart failure syndrome associated with acute myocardial ischemia but without obstruction of coronary arteries

Question 36

left heart failure

Answer 36

categorized as heart failure with reduced EF

Question 37

normal EF

Answer 37

55% to 70%

Question 38

The Frank-Starling law of the heart

Answer 38

describes the relationship between the force of myocardial contraction and the initial length of the cardiac muscle fibers, stating that as the heart fills with more blood (preload), it contracts with greater force and pumps out more blood (increased stroke volume