CH 33-34 Flashcards

Question

Dust Bowl

Answer 1

prolonged drought that struck the states of the trans-Mississippi Great Plains. Rainless weeks were followed by furious, whining winds, while the sun was darkened by millions of tons of powdery topsoil torn from homesteads in an area that stretched from eastern Colorado to western Missouri. Drought, wind, and human mischief were the causes of the dust storms. Burned and blown out of the Dust Bowl, tens of thousands of refugees fled their ruined acres.

Answer 2

Taking place on June 6, 1934, the SEC was created to be a watchdog of the stock market. As commissioned by Congress, the agency could regulate the purchase of stocks on credit and restrict speculation by people with inside information on corporate plans. Additionally, market manipulation devices were prohibited and corporations were required to publish all facts on their securities. Stock exchanges had to be licensed and were required to list all securities that they traded. All in all, the establishment of the SEC helped to make stock markets more of a trading mart rather than a gambling casino.

Answer 3

An organization that was brought into being by an act passed on May 18, 1933. The chartered organization was given the authority to acquire, construct, and operate dams within a region centered on Tennessee, but including various portions of seven different states. Such irrigation lines would help distribute nitrate and fertilizer, generate and sell electric power, assist in rural electrification, help control floods, reclaim land, prevent soil erosion, and improve economic and social conditions. The organization was disliked by utilities companies, who would no longer have the luxury of selling their product at whatever price they wished to with the government to compete with.

Answer 4

market by fixing up existing houses and building new ones for more people to live in comfortably. The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) was created for this purpose. Under this act, the building industry could be stimulated by small loans to house holders in order to improve or build new structures. This was later followed up with the United States Housing Authority (USHA) in 1937, a development that was opposed by real estate agents among others. All in all, the Housing Act was able to maintain or even shrink the size of slums in the major cities and provide proper housing for many people.

Answer 5

Passed on August 14, 1935, the Social Security Act is perhaps the most important piece of legislation from the New Deal Era as it is still an integral part of society today. The act allowed those who were of old age, were survivors’, or had disabilities to collect money from the government in order to care for themselves. The act also established a system of unemployment compensation. Furthermore, employers and employees would both contribute to a pension system, beginning in 1942, by paying a payroll tax. Through revisions and modifications, it has become a staple in American society today and is used by people from all walks of life in order to get by

Answer 6

An act passed on July 5, 1935 that established the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). The board was authorized to investigate unfair labor practices and to issue cease and desist orders. The board was also empowered to supervise elections to determine the bargaining agent for all the employees in a business. The board thus once again reasserted the right of labor to engage in self-organization and bargain collectively through representatives. Perhaps one of the best cases of this was John L. Lewis organizing of the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) in order to represent the unskilled workers, such as mine workers and textile workers.

Answer 7

Created by the Wagner, or National Labor Relations, Act of 1935, this board served mainly administrative purposes and reasserted the right of labor to engage in self-organization and to bargain collectively through representatives of its own choice. The establishment of the board was on of the milestones in the labor movement in the United States and the existence of the Board allowed for the developed of the CIO and other organizations to help the cause of the common workers.

Answer 8

the organization founded by John Lewis that fought for unskilled workers’ rights. The CIO had many victories, including the sit-down strike, which ended up in General Motor’s recognition of their union and the granting of demands. By 1944 the CIO could claim about 4 million members in its constituent unions, including some 200,000 blacks. Similar advancements were made within the Steel Industry and others, although sometimes at the cost of lives.

Answer 9

a group of wealthy conservative who had organized in 1934 to fight “socialistic” New Deal schemes. Their ideas were backed by former President Herbert Hoover and were conferred upon Alfred M. Landon during his run for the presidency in 1936. They looked to maintain the old balance of power and social order, but failed to consider the sweeping gains that the lower class had already made. As a result, Landon was defeated in a landslide by Franklin Delano Roosevelt in his first reelection

Answer 10

In response to the Court's shooting down of the AAA, Roosevelt proposed the idea to appoint one justice for every current justice that was over the age of 70. The Court would thus be expanded to 15 judges. However, this was struck down by Congress, which deemed it as a step out of the bounds of the executive power. The plan was one of the most costly political misjudgments of his career. This plan was further undermined when Congress voted full pay for justices over seventy who retired.

Answer 11

The practice of or theoretical approach to recovering from a economic decline according to the recommendation of the British economist John Maynard Keynes. Keynesianism suggested a stimulation of economy by planned deficit spending. Although the deficits were still undersized for the herculean task of conquering the depression, this abrupt policy reversal marked a major turning point in the government’s relation to the economy.

Answer 12

Serving as the Secretary of State under Franklin Delano Roosevelt, he believed that trade was a two-way street, that a nation can sell abroad only as it buys abroad, that tariff barriers choke off foreign trade, and that trade wars beget shooting wars. As a response to the Hull-Roosevelt leadership and their positions on these matters, Congress passed Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act. Secretary Hull, whose zeal for reciprocity was unflagging, succeeded in negotiating pacts with twenty-one countries by the end of 1939 that tried at first to limit war and later on went about trying to bring a quick end to the war.

Answer 13

the dictator of Communist USSR, he was a ruthless and crafty man. Basing his ideologies on communist principles, he believed that an individual was nothing and that the state was everything. Under his leadership, the USSR was led into a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany and Adolf Hitler, thus setting the stage for unlimited aggression and the potential of backstabbing, as later occurred. Stalin would later become an integral part of World War II and subsequently in the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Answer 14

He was a swaggering fascist that seized power in Italy during 1922. Under his leadership, Italy became a part of the Rome-Berlin Axis. From a physical standpoint, his physique was characterized by a jut-jawed quality. Seeking both glory and empire in Africa, he brutally attacked Ethiopia in 1935 with bombers and tanks as the initial stages of testing the limits of aggression began. Mussolini had been Hitler's idol when the later was growing up, but as the years progressed, especially into World War II, the two had clearly changed in relative power.

Answer 15

German dictator who had hypnotic talents as an orator and a leader. He had secured control of the Nazi party by making political capital of the Treaty of Versailles and Germany’s depression-spawned unemployment. Hitler withdrew Germany from the League of Nations and began rearming the nation to engage in war. He later became de Fuhrer of Germany after uniting the offices of chancellor and president. Hitler was condemned for his repeated aggressions against other nations and his beliefs in a superior race. This last belief led him to create the "Final Solution," which was the eradication of Jews and all such inferior races that in his view, were responsible for all of the evils and problems within society.

Answer 16

He was a fascistic general that lead a rebellion against the government of Madrid, Spain. He was generally aided by his fellow conspirators Hitler and Mussolini and was able to successfully overthrow the established Loyalist regime that was the Spanish government at the time. He was helped by the fact that the Americans did not supply his opponents.

Answer 17

The bulldog jawed orator who gave his people the nerve to fight off the fearful air bombings of their cities. He was the prime minister of the British during World War II and was an inspiring leader. He worked closely with Roosevelt on a war ship off the foggy coast of Newfoundland to form the Atlantic Charter, outlining the goals that these two nations wished to reach at the end of the war. This was the first in a series of history making conferences between the two statesmen in the discussion of how to rebuild the world after World War II.

Answer 18

The famed aviator and colonel he was also an adamant isolationist. He was determined to avoid American bloodshed at all costs and organized the America First Committee in order to achieve that goal. He contended that America should concentrate what strength it had to defend its own shores. However, he did serve in the air force once America entered into the war and participated in several of the major operations in the European theater.

Answer 19

A colorful latecomer that swept people off their feet in the Philadelphia convention, he was a German descended son of Hoosier Indiana, he was described as a dynamic lawyer—tousle-headed, long-lipped, broad-faced, and large-framed—who use to be a democrat. He was a complete novice in politics and had rocketed from political nothingness in a few short weeks. His great appeal lay in his personality for he was magnetic transparently trustful and honest in a homespun Linconesque way.

Answer 20

The belief that the individual was nothing and the state was everything. This ideology gave rise to a group of dictators, namely, Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin, and the puppet government of Japan. Typically, the nations that supported this belief were the countries that were full of have-nots or the countries that were economically and financially disadvantaged, because or in spite of the fact of the existence of a class-based society in which not everyone was equal

Answer 21

The belief that America should avoid war and contact with foreign problems at all costs. Followers of this mode of thought disapproved of dictators but believed that if they stayed out of foreign policy then there would be a kind of mystic immunity. Many of the People who believed in this concept suffered from the disillusionment that came as a result of their participation in World War I, which they now regarded as a colossal blunder.

Answer 22

the term given to the European way of dealing with German aggression, especially prior to the actual beginning of World War II, the era characterized by Neville Chamberlain's attitude towards Hitler's continual advances. The idea was to basically give in to any demands that the aggressor may have had as long as it would prevent or avoid war for the time being, which could be potentially devastating to all participating countries. The problem with this approach was the failure to realize that appeasement only made aggressors more inclined to take drastic action and get what they want.

Answer 23

A 66-nation conference that hoped to organize a coordinated international attack on the global depression. The delegates were particularly eager to stabilize the values of the various nations’ currencies and the rates at which they could be exchanged. However, the conference ended up not accomplishing much because of the failure of the United States to attend. Roosevelt withheld Secretary of State Cordell Hull from the conference because he felt the establishment of a stable currency would be a detriment to his plans of creating inflation in order to help Americans pay back their debts and recover from the Great Depression.

Answer 24

The policy that resulted in Roosevelt’s noninvolvement in Europe and withdrawal from Asia, along with this brotherly embrace of his New World neighbors. The policy received its acid test in Mexico. When the Mexican government seized Yankee oil properties in 1938, American investors vehemently demanded armed intervention to repossess their confiscated business. However, Roosevelt resisted the urge to use force in accordance with the various agreements to not use war as a means to settle international disputes.

Answer 25

designed in part to lift American export trade from the depression doldrums, this enlightened measure was aimed at both relief and recovery. At the same time, it activated the low-tariff policies of the New Dealers. However, the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act avoided the dangerous uncertainties of a wholesale tariff revision. Instead, it merely whittled down the most objectionable schedules of the Hawley-Smoot law by amending them. The problem still remained in a way although significant improvements had been made.

Answer 26

military political party led by Adolf Hitler. Otherwise known as the National Socialist German Workers' Party, the Party soon became a totalitarian regime that established the Third Reich. The Party was largely successful because of its use of propaganda in showing the failures of all the other modes of government and economic practice, such as capitalism and communism. In this way, they were able to manipulate the minds of their people to support whatever actions they decided to take.

Answer 27

in 1936 Nazi Hitler and the Fascist Mussolini allied themselves in the Rome-Berlin Axis. The axis established an allied relationship between two dictators as well as their respective countries. This alliance was later expanded to include all of the principalities that the two nations gained during World War II, as well as Japan and the various territorial gains they made in the Pacific during World War II.

Answer 28

Mussolini’s attack on Ethiopia in 1935 with bombers and tanks. The brave defenders, armed with spears and ancient firearms, were speedily crushed. Members of the League of Nations could have caused Mussolini’s war machine to creak to a halt. But when the League quailed rather than risk global hostilities, it merely signed its own death warrant. Thus, the way was paved for continual aggression by the totalitarian powers within Europe because they knew that the League would only issue a slap on the wrist.

Answer 29

the name given to merchants who made money out of the war. Many naive citizens leaped to the illogical conclusion that these soulless scavengers had caused the war in order to make money. While this may have been true in some cases, the vast majority of these businessmen were just making the most of the situation and trying to keep their family alive while the world faced a catastrophic problem.

Answer 30

A series of acts passed in 1935, 1936, 1937, and 1939 that when taken together, stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect. In the first act, no American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, sell or transport munitions to a belligerent, or make loans to a belligerent. In 1937 the embargo on non-war goods was lifted and nations were allowed to purchase these items from the United States on a cash and carry basis. In 1939, European democracies were allowed to buy American war materials on cash-and-carry basis in order to help the war effort back home.

Answer 31

A series of acts passed in 1935, 1936, 1937, and 1939 that when taken together, stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect. In the first act, no American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, sell or transport munitions to a belligerent, or make loans to a belligerent. In 1937 the embargo on non-war goods was lifted and nations were allowed to purchase these items from the United States on a cash and carry basis. In 1939, European democracies were allowed to buy American war materials on cash-and-carry basis in order to help the war effort back home.

Answer 32

a war in which Spanish rebels, led by Francisco Franco, rose up against the left-leaning republican government in Madrid. Generously aided by Hitler and Mussolini, Franco undertook the mission of overthrowing the established Loyalist regime, which in turn was assisted on a smaller scale by the Soviet Union. The lack of American support on the Loyalist side eventually doomed them and ensured that a fascist government would take root in Spain as World War II neared.

Answer 33

incident in which Japanese aviators bombed an sank American gunboat the Panay, in Chinese waters. Tokyo hastened to make the necessary apologies and pay a proper indemnity. Thus, Americans waved off the possible punishment that were ready to deal out, although the sincerity of that threat was uncertain due to the overwhelming isolationist sentiment during this time.

Answer 34

Roosevelt’s speech in which he called for “positive endeavors” to “quarantine” the aggressors, by economic embargoes. The speech triggered a cyclone of protest from the proponents of isolationism and other foes of involvement, who felt as if a moral quarantine in the form of economic sanctions would ultimately lead to a shooting quarantine. Indeed, the introduction of the quarantine concept was an important step forward in realizing the breakout of World War II.

Answer 35

a treaty signed by Stalin and Hitler in 1939, in which their respective countries, the Soviet Union and Germany, promised nonaggression towards each another. This pact meant that the Nazi German leader now had a green light to make war on Poland and the Western democracies, without fearing a stab in the back from the Soviet Union. Indeed, a look back on history at this time suggests that there was a secret agreement between Hitler and Stalin to divide Poland in half with each nation getting one half. It was possibly because of this land gain that Stalin was willing to enter into this agreement with Hitler, one which the outside world perceived to be very peculiar.

Answer 36

the idea that European democracies would have to transport the munitions and goods they purchased from the United States in their own ships, after paying for them in cash. America would thus avoid loans, war debts, and the torpedoing of American arms-carriers. This concept was first introduced in the Neutrality Act of 1937 for non-war goods and later extended to include war goods and weapons in the Neutrality Act of 1939.

Answer 37

the term given to the months following the collapse of Poland, in which France and Britain seemed to just be marking the time, while failing to adequately prepare for an imminent attack from the Axis Powers. An abrupt end to the phony war came in April 1940 when Hitler, again without warning, overran his weaker neighbors Denmark and Norway to begin an assault on France with the help of Mussolini's Italians battling their war up through the South

Answer 38

the propaganda group that was formed by the supporters of providing aid to Britain. Its argument was double-barreled. To interventionists it could appeal for direct succor to the British by such slogans as “Britain Is Fighting Our Fight.” To isolationists it could appeal for assistance to the democracies by “All Methods Short of War,” so that the terrible conflict would be kept in faraway Europe. Ultimately, the concept was that if America did not help in some way shape or form, all of Europe would fall and the Germans would turn their sights on America. Thus, providing aid to allies would help keep America more isolated or away from the actual fighting that was taking place.

Answer 39

the deal agree upon for America’s transfer of destroyers to Britain, which was in desperate need of destroyers as war with Germany loomed on the horizon. The Untied States would transfer fifty old-model, four-funnel destroyers left over from WWI to Great Britain. In return, the British promised to hand over eight valuable defensive base sites, stretching from Newfoundland to South America. The deal established the concept of the Americans becoming involved in the world by bartering or lending money to help out allies in both the European and Pacific theaters.

Answer 40

entitled “An Act Further to Promote the Defense of the United States.” Sprung on the country after the election was safely over, it was praised by the administration as a device that would keep the nation out of the war rather than drag it in. The underlying concept was “Send guns, not sons” or “Billions, not bodies.” This concept allowed America to become the arsenal of democracy as they provided the weaponry to their allies up front with the agreement that they would return them at the end of the war or pay the cost in some way later on.

CH 33-34 Flashcards

Roosevelt and the Great Drepression (64 cards)