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Biology > Ch. 33 Protostomes > Flashcards

Ch. 33 Protostomes Flashcards

(45 cards)

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0
Q

Spiralia

A
  • embryos develop using spiral cleavage
  • most live in water
  • move using cilia or contractions of the body musculature
  • has two clades platoons and lophotrochozoans
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1
Q

All Protostomes belong to which two clades

A

Spiralia or Ecdysozoa

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2
Q

Spiralia has which two clades?

A

Platyzoans and lophotrochozoans

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3
Q

Platyzoans

A
  • most prominent group is the flatworms
  • simple bodies with no circulatory or respiratory systems,but complex reproductive system
  • includes marine and freshwater planarians and parasitic flukes and tapeworms
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4
Q

What two characteristics define Lophotrochozoa?

A
  • Trochophore:a free living larva

- Lophophore: a horseshoe shaped crown of ciliated tentacles surrounds the mouth used in filter feeding

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5
Q

Ecdysozoa

A
  • contains animals that molt called an exoskeleton which is a hard external skeleton
  • two large groups: Arthropods and nematodes
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6
Q

What phylum are Platyzoans?

A

Platyhelminthes

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7
Q

Flatworms

A
  • are ciliated, soft bodied animal
  • bodies are solid aside from an incomplete digestive cavity
  • many species are parasitic
  • others are free living: marine, freshwater or moist terrestrial
  • only one opening to digestive cavity
  • lack circulatory system
  • have and excretory and osmoregulatory system
  • simple nervous system
  • are hermaphroditic
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8
Q

What are the two major groups of flatworms

A
  • free living Turbellaria (common in biology labs)

- parasitic

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9
Q

What are the two types of parasitic flatworms?

A
  • Trematoda-flukes: attach in body host by suckers, life cycle may have 2 or more hosts
  • Cestoda (cerocomeromorpha) tapeworms, adults hang onto inner wall of hosts intestine using scolex
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10
Q

What phylum are Lyphotrochozoans?

A

Mollusca

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11
Q

Mollusca

A
  • second in diversity only to Arthropods
  • include snails, slugs, clams, octopuses and others
  • some have shells some don’t
  • evolved in ocean and most have remained there
  • important source of human food
  • other: pearls and pests (zebra mussels- dreissena polymorpha)
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12
Q

Name Mollusk body plan

A 
Mantle 
Foot
Internal organs 
Shell
Radula
Nitrogenous waste removal
Circulatory system
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13
Q

In mollusk the mantle?

A
  • Thick epidermal sheet

- secrete shell (if there is one)

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14
Q

In the mollusk the foot?

A
  • primary means of locomotion

- divided into arms or tentacles in Cephalopods

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15
Q

In mollusk the internal organs?

A
  • coelom is highly reduced (mantle cavity)
  • digestive, excretory and reproductive organs are concentrated in a visceral mass
  • gills in aquatic mollusks: also filter food in most bivalves
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16
Q

In mollusks the shell?

A
  • protects against predators and adverse environments

- secreted by the outer surface of mantle

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17
Q

In mollusks the radula?

A

-characteristic of most mollusks
-rasping, tongue-like structure used in feeding
-used to scrape up algae
In predatory Gastropods, modified to drill through clam
-in the conus snail modified into harpoon with venom gland

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18
Q

In mollusk the what removes nitrogenous waste?

19
Q

In mollusk the circulatory system?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • is open: hemp lymph sloshes around hemocoel and has 3 chambered heart
  • Cephalopods have a closed circulatory system
20
Q

Mollusk reproduction

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A

-most mollusk are gonochoric (have two separate sexes)
-most engage in external fertilization (free swimming larval stage)
-veliger (second free swimming larval stage)
(Only in bivalves and most marine snails)
-both form drift widely in ocean

21
Q

Name the Classes of mollusks

Study These Flashcards
A

Polyplacophora-chitons
Gastropods-limpets, snails, slugs
Bivalves-clams, oysters, scallops
Cephalopods- squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, and chambered nautilus

22
Q

Class Polyplacophora

Study These Flashcards
A

Chitons

  • marine mollusks that have oval bodies
  • 8overlapping dorsal calcareous plates
  • most chitons are grazing herbivores
23
Q

Class Gastropoda

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A
  • limpets, snails, slugs
  • primarily marine group- some fresh water and only terrestrial mollusks
  • most have single shell, some lost
  • heads typically have pairs of tentacles with eyes
24
Class Gastropoda: Nudibranchs
Marine snails that lack a shell - exposed gills - many secrete distasteful chemicals - some extract nematocysts from cnidarian prey and transfer them to their body surface
25
Class Bivalvia
- clams, scallops, mussels, oysters and other - most marine some fresh water - no radula or distinct head - have 2 shells (valves) hinged together - adductor muscles counter hinge ligament - water enters through inhalant siphon and exits through exhalant siphon
26
Class Cephalopoda
- more than 600 strictly marine species - active marine predator - only mollusks with closed circulatory system - foot have evolved into a series of arms equipped with suction cups (beak-like jaw, toxic saliva) - largest brain size among invertebrates - highly developed nervous system - living Cephalopoda lack external shell - jet propulsion using siphon - ink can be ejected from siphon - Chromatophores allow for changing skin color for camouflage or communication
27
Lophotrochozoans-Nemertea
- ribbonworms - about 900 species of cylindrical to flattened very long worms - most marine - body resembles flatworm - complete gut - rhynchocoel: fluid filled coelomic cavity
28
Lophotrochozoans phylum Annelida
- segmented worms - body built of repeated units - allow for specialization - may not be monophyletic
29
Describe Annelida body plan
- head well developed cerebral ganglion - sensory organs in ring like segments - many have eyes - segments divided internally by septa (each segment has organs, ganglion, locomotory structure) - closed circulatory - ventral nerve cord
30
In Annelida the digestive track is?
Specialized for different functions
31
Describe locomotion in Annelida
- coelomic fluid creates a hydrostatic skeleton - alternating muscle contractions allow complex movements - chaetae: bristles of chitin found in most groups
32
Annelida has what kind of circulatory system and diffusions occurs how?
- closed | - gas exchange by diffusion across body surfaces
33
In Annelida the excretory system?
Nephritis is similar to mollusks
34
How many species occur of Annelida occur in many habitats?
12,000
35
Name the two class of Annelida
- class Polychaeta: monophyly not well established | - class clitella: oligochaeta and hirudinea
36
Describe class Polychaeta
- clamworms, scale worms, sea mice and tube worms - have paired parapodia on most segments (locomotion/gas exchange) and chaetae or parapodia - most gonochoric (external fertilization and trochophore larva)
37
Class Polychaeta deep sea worn
Riftia -adults gutless -sulfur oxidizing bacteria synthesize organic compounds used by worm Found near hydrothermal vents
38
Describe class clitellata
- clitellum found in all members | - earthworms and leeches
39
Describe earthworms
- head not well differentiated - no parapodia - few chaetae project from body - hermaphroditic but cross fertilize - clitellum secretes mucus cocoon
40
Describe leeches
- hirudinea - mostly occur in fresh water - usually flattened dorsoventrally - hermaphroditic and cross fertilize - sucked at both ends of body - no chaetae (except one species) - some eat detritus other suck blood
41
What are lophophorates?
Two phyla of mostly marine animals - Bryozoa and Branchiopoda - both characterized by lophophore
42
Characteristics of lophophore
- circular shape or u-shaped ridge around mouth with 1-2 rows of ciliated tentacles - functions in gas exchange and feeding - maybe convergent evolution - phylogeny a puzzle
43
Phylum Bryozoa
- called Ectoprocta or "moss animals" - bryozoans are small and live in colonies - secrete a tiny choirboys chamber - asexual reproduction occurs by budding
44
Phylum braciopoda
Brachiopods or lamp shells - have two calcified shells dorsal and ventral not lateral as in bivalves - lophophore lies in body between shells

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