Ch 34

Question 1

Phylum Echinodermata

Answer 1

Exclusively marine. Deuterostomes with an endoskeleton. Pentaradial symmetry.
Sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers
Water vascular systems. Tube feet. Ampulla - Muscular sac at base, used in movement, feeding, gas exchange 600MYA

Question 2

Class Asteriodea

Answer 2

(Sea stars) Starfish and sea daisies. 5 or multiple of 5 arms. Predators

Question 3

Class Crinoidea

Answer 3

Sea lilies and feather stars. Capture debris

Question 4

Class Holothuroidea

Answer 4

Sea cucumber. 5 part body plan

Question 5

Class Ophiuroidea

Answer 5

Brittle stars (largest class) Arms equal diameter for entire length.

Question 6

Class Echinoidea

Answer 6

Sea urchins, sand dollars. Lack arms. Double rows of tube feet

Question 7

Phylum Chordata

Answer 7

Chordate endoskeleton is different than echinoderm endoskeleton. Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

Question 8

Chordate features

Answer 8

Notochord (maybe replaced by vertebral column), Nerve cord, Pharyngeal slits, Post anal tail.
Also segmented blocks, somites

Question 9

Chordate subphyla

Answer 9

Urochordata (non vert)
Cephalochordata (non vert)
Vertebrata

Question 10

Subphylum Urochordata

Answer 10

Tunicates and salps (marine) Free swimming larva. Adults sessile filter feeders.
Secrete a tunic (cellulose sac) surrounds animals

Question 11

Subphylum Cephalochordata

Answer 11

Lancelets-scaleless chordates. Partially buried most of life. No distinguishable head. Feed on plankton using cilia generated currents. Closest relative to verts as notochord persists throughout animal life

Question 12

Subphylum Vertebrata

Answer 12

Distinguish from nonverts
1 Vertebral column (encloses and protects the dorsal nerve cord)
2 Head (Distinct and well differentiated possessing sensory organs (Smell, taste, etc))
Vert distinguish from other chordates
1 Neural crest - unique group of embryonic cells that form and migrate to various locations in the developing embryo ultimately forming many vert structures
2 Internal organs - liver, kidneys, endocrine glands, heart, closed circulatory systems
3 Endoskeleton - made of cartilage or bone (allow great size and movement)

Question 13

Fishes characteristics
Class Myxini
Class Cephalaspidomorphi
Placoderms
Acanthodians

Answer 13

1 vertebral column
2 Jaws and paired appendages
3 Internal gills
4 Single-loop blood circulation
5 Nutritional deficiencies

Class Myxini - Hagfish
Class Cephalaspidomorphi - Lampreys
Placoderms - Armored fishes
Acanthodians - Spiny fishes
1/2 of all verts

Question 14

Class Chondrichthyes

Answer 14

Sharks, skates, rays.
Skeleton ‘calcified’ with granules of calcium carbonate
Teeth - scales
Lateral line systems - sensory organs under skin that detects changes in pressure waves
Sharks - Internal fertilized eggs, pups born alive.

Question 15

Bony fish
Class Actinopterygii
Class Sarcopterygii

Answer 15

superclass Osteichthyes. Swim bladder and gill cover (operculum)
Class Actinopterygii - Ray finned fishes. parallel bony rays support and stiffen fins, no muscles
Class Sarcopterygii - Lobe finned fishes. Paired fins consist of long fleshy muscular lobe. (Amphibian ancestors? Tetrapods(4 legs))

Question 16

Class Amphibian

Answer 16

1st vert to walk on land, descendants of fishes
5 distinguishing features
1 Legs
2 Lungs
3 Pulmonary veins (lungs)
4 Cutaneous respiration
5 Partially divided heart
Ichthyostenga and Tiktaalik

Question 17

Order Anura

Answer 17

Frogs and toads
Frogs smooth, moist, long legs. Aquatic
Toads bumpy, dry, short legs. Dry

Question 18

Order Caudata

Answer 18

Salamanders. Long bodies, tails. Smooth, moist skin. Moist places, eggs fertilized internally by sperm packet. Larvae similar to adults

Question 19

Order Apoda

Answer 19

Caecilians. Tropical burrowing amphibians. Legless, small eyes, jaws with teeth. Internal fertilization

Question 20

Class Reptilia

Answer 20

3 key features
1 Amniotic eggs (watertight)
2 Dry skin (prevents water loss)
3 Thoracic breathing (increase lung capacity)

Two important developments - Internal fertilization, improved circulation. Septum in heart
10,000 spp

Question 21

Amniotic eggs

Answer 21

Chorion - Outermost layer, allows gas exchange. Small pores, no water loss
Amnion - Encases embryo in fluid filled cavity
Yolk sac - Provides food through blood vessels attached to gut
Allantois - Contains excreted wastes from embryo

Question 22

Anapsids, Synapsids, Diapsids

Answer 22

Anapsids - no hole, turtles
Synapsids - 1 hole in head
Diapsids - 2 holes in head
Reptiles

Question 23

Ectothermic vs endothermic

Answer 23

Ecto - obtain body heat from external heat
Endo - generate heat internally

Question 24

Order Chelonia

Answer 24

Turtles and tortoises
Turtles - streamline water
Tortoises - Dome terrestrial

Question 25

Order Rhynchocephalia

Answer 25

Tuataras. Lizard like in New Zealand. Burrows during day feeds at night

Question 26

Order Squamata

Answer 26

Lizards and snakes. Carnivores. Presence of paired copulatory organs in males.

Question 27

Order Crocodylia

Answer 27

Croc and alligators. 25 spp. Aquatic carnivores. Eyes on top of head, nostrils on top of snout, enormous mouth, strong neck. Build nest, 4 chambered hearts

Question 28

Class Aves

Answer 28

10,000 spp. Most diverse of terrestrial verts. Feathers- hooks, barbs, and barbule, Flight skeleton - bones thin and hollow. Scales on legs, amniotic eggs Adaptations for flight 1 efficient respiration - passes lungs to air sacs then lungs in single direction 2 efficient circulation - 4 chambered heart 3 Endothermy - high metabolic rate

Question 29

Class Mammalia

Answer 29

5,000 spp. Lowest over 5 vert classes. 4,000 spp are rodents, bats, shrews, or moles. 1 Hair - Long, keratin-rich filaments. 2 Mammary glands Placenta in most mammals Other adaptations 1 Specialized teeth 2 Digestion of plants 3 Development of hooves, horns, claws, fingernails 4 (Bats flying)

Question 30

2 Mammal subclasses

Answer 30

Prototheria - Monotremes (platypus) (Eggs) Theria - Viviparous (Born alive) Marsupials and Placental mammals

Question 31

Order Primates Prosimiasn Anthropoids

Answer 31

Prosimians - lemurs, lorises, tarsiers. Large eyes for body, mostly nocturnal Anthropoids - Apes, monkeys, humans. Color vision, eye position, expanded brain. Complex social interactions. New world and Old world monkeys

Question 32

Hominoids

Answer 32

Apes- gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees. Lack tail, Knuckle walking. Genus Homo 3-7 spp. Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo ergaster Homo floresiensis - Indonesian island Homo naledi Modern Humans, Homo heidelbergensis, H. neanderthalensis, H. sapiens.