Ch 39 Digestive and Excretory Systems

Question 1

What are vitamins?

Answer 1

organic substances that occur in foods in small amounts

Question 2

What are minerals?

Answer 2

naturally occurring inorganic substances that are used to make certain body structures and substances

Question 3

How much of the body’s weight is water/

Answer 3

two-thirds

Question 4

What is digestion?

Answer 4

The process of breaking down food into molecules the body can use

Question 5

Food travels more than ___ through the human digestive tract.

Answer 5

8m or 26 ft

Question 6

During digestion what happens in the mouth?

Answer 6

saliva moistens and lubricates the foos as it is chewed

Question 7

What does saliva contain?

Answer 7

amylases

Question 8

What is amylase?

Answer 8

an enzyme that breaks down starches into sugars

Question 9

After chewing where does the food enter?

Answer 9

the esophagus

Question 10

Does digestion occur in the esophagus?

Answer 10

no

Question 11

What is the esophagus?

Answer 11

a long tube that connects the mouth to the stomach

Question 12

How does the esophagus move the food to the stomach?

Answer 12

by the waves of smooth muscle contraction that move the food towars the stomach

Question 13

The cells that line the inside of the stomach release what?

Answer 13

gastric juice

Question 14

What is gastric juice?

Answer 14

a combination of hydrochloric acid and pepsin

Question 15

What is pepsin?

Answer 15

a digestive enzyme produced by the stomach that breaks down proteins

Question 16

What does the stomach do?

Answer 16

The stomach mechanically breaks down food and chemically unravels and breaks down proteins

Question 17

What is the pharynx?

Answer 17

the back of the throat

Question 18

Food passes the __ where it is swallowed and enters the esophagus

Answer 18

pharynx

Question 19

what is peristalsis?

Answer 19

waves of smooth muscle contractions that keep the food moving from the esophagus to the stomach

Question 20

The food exits the esophagus and enters the stomach through what?

Answer 20

a sphincter

Question 21

What is a sphincter?

Answer 21

a muscular valve through which the food enters the stomach and keeps the acidic contents of the stomach from reentering the esophagus

Question 22

a coating of what protects the stomach lining from digesting itself

Answer 22

mucus

Question 23

What is the duodenum?

Answer 23

the first part of the small intestine

Question 24

Food passes another sphincter to enter what?

Answer 24

the duodenum

Question 25

The small intestine functions mainly in what?

Answer 25

the digestion and absorption of nutrients

Question 26

What is lipases?

Answer 26

an enzyme that breaks down fat molecules into fatty acids and glycerol

Question 27

Which pancreatic enzyme is released into the duodenum to digest fats?

Answer 27

lipases

Question 28

What is villi?

Answer 28

the lining of the small intestine which is covered with fingerlike projection

Question 29

What does the villi increase?

Answer 29

the surface area available for the absorption of nutrients

Question 30

Does digestion take place in the colon?

Answer 30

no

Question 31

Where does all unabsorbed food and waste move to?

Answer 31

the large intestine or colon

Question 32

What is the colon?

Answer 32

a part of the large intestine

Question 33

What does the liver secrete?

Answer 33

bile

Question 34

Bile aids in the breakdown of what?

Answer 34

fats

Question 35

What does bile promote?

Answer 35

the absorption of fatty acids and the fat-soluble vitamins A,D,E, and K

Question 36

Where are digested food molecules in the bloodstream transported to?

Answer 36

the liver

Question 37

How does the liver stabilizes blood sugar?

Answer 37

by converting extra sugar to glycogen for storage

Question 38

What is the scarring of the liver called?

Answer 38

cirrhosis

Question 39

What is excretion?

Answer 39

the proccess that rids the body of toxic chemicals, excess water, salts, and carbon dioxide while maintaining osmotic and pH balance

Question 40

The lungs, kidneys, and skin all function as what?

Answer 40

excretory organs

Question 41

What is urea?

Answer 41

a nitrogen waste

Question 42

In the liver what is converted to urea?

Answer 42

ammonia

Question 43

Where is the urea transported to?

Answer 43

the kidneys it is then removed from the blood

Question 44

What are kidneys?

Answer 44

a pair of bean-shaped reddish brown organs located in the lower back

Question 45

What do the kidneys do?

Answer 45

they regulate the amount of water and salts contained in blood plasma. They also play a vital role in maintaing homeostasis

Question 46

What is a nephron?

Answer 46

tiny tubes in the kidney that filter blood

Question 47

Each kidney is composed of blood-filtering units called what?

Answer 47

nephrons

Question 48

The kidneys filter out what from the blood?

Answer 48

toxins, urea, water, and mineral salts

Question 49

What is urine?

Answer 49

the remaining water. urea, and salts that are left after reabsorption

Question 50

What are ureters?

Answer 50

tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

Question 51

What is the urinary bladder?

Answer 51

a hollow muscular sac that stores urine

Question 52

The ureters direct the urine into where?

Answer 52

the urinary bladder

Question 53

What is urination?

Answer 53

the elimination of urine from the body through the urethra

Question 54

Urine leaves the bladder and exits the body through what?

Answer 54

the urethra

Question 55

What is the urethra?

Answer 55

the tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

Question 56

if both kidneys were to fail what would be the treatment options?

Answer 56

kidney dialysis or a kidney transplant

Question 57

What is another name for kidney dialysis?

Answer 57

hemodialysis

Question 58

What is kidney dialysis?

Answer 58

a procedure for filtering the blood by using a dialysis machine

Question 59

Why are women more likely to get UTIs than men?

Answer 59

women have a shorter urethra therefore a shorter distance for bacteria to travel to get inside the urinary tract

Question 60

Where does filtration begin?

Answer 60

At the beginning of the nephron in Bowman's capsule.

Question 61

Within Bowman's capsule there is what?

Answer 61

a network of capillaries where filtration actually takes place

Question 62

What are the network of capillaries in the Bowman's capsule called?

Answer 62

glomerulus

Question 63

The blood pressure within the glomerulus pushes what into where?

Answer 63

it pushes fluid (filtrate) made of water, salts, sugar, and wastes into the hollow tubes of Bowman's capsule

Question 64

What is reabsorption?

Answer 64

when water and useful molecules are reabsorbed into the blood stream as the filtrate passes through the renal tubules