Ch 4

Question 1

Why are most cells relatively small?

Answer 1

It is easier for diffusion of wastes out of the cells to occur
It is easier for diffusion of nutrients into the cells to occur

Question 2

Who was the natural philosopher that studied cork cells under a compound microscope in 1665?

Answer 2

Robert hook

Question 3

______ extended Schleiden’s hypothesis by suggesting that animal tissue was made up of cells (name of scientist)

Answer 3

Theodor schwaan

Question 4

Cell theory (parts of it)

Answer 4

All organisms are c’omposed of one or more cells and the life processes of metabolism and heredity occur within these cells

Cells are the smallest living things, the basic units of organization of all organisms

New cells arise only by division of preexisting cells

Question 5

The variable that affect the rate of diffusion through the plasma membrane

Answer 5

Surface area, temperature, distance of diffusion, concentration gradient of substance

Question 6

Most cells are relatively small for reasons related to…

Answer 6

The diffusion of substances into and out of cells

Question 7

What is the relationship between a cells surface area and its volume

Answer 7

The smaller the cell the larger its surface area -to-volume ratio is

Question 8

Who created the cell theory

Answer 8

Schleiden and Schwann

Question 9

Main points of the cell theory

Answer 9

Cells are the smallest living things

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells

Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell

Question 10

Why are most of the cells in the human body flat and shaped like a thin plate?

Answer 10

This allows rapid diffusion of materials in and out of the cells

Question 11

The limitation for the human eye is how many micrometers?

Answer 11

100

Question 12

Schleiden

Answer 12

Speculated that cells are living entities and plants are aggregates of cells

Question 13

compound light microscope purpose

Answer 13

To allow the visualization of cells and cellular components

Question 14

Adaptations that allow some animal cells to be much larger

Answer 14

Some cells can have more than one nucleus very thin
Some cells are very long but very thin

Question 15

The ability to observe two adjacent objects from one another

Answer 15

Resolution

Question 16

Why do electron microscopes have better resolving power than light microscopes

Answer 16

Electrons have shorter wavelengths than light

Question 17

Phase contrast

Answer 17

Light waves are brought out of phase and recombine to produce contrast and brightness

Question 18

Bright field

Answer 18

Light is transmitted through a specimen which usually weeds to be stained to improve contrast

Question 19

Differential interference contrast

Answer 19

Polarized light is split into two beams that combine to produce good contrast at the dyes of structures

Question 20

Confocal

Answer 20

Light for the laser is focused on and scanned across a stained specimen in two directions to produce a 3D image

Question 21

Dark field

Answer 21

The condenser lens transmits only light reflected off the specimens

Question 22

Scanning electron microscopy

Answer 22

Electrons are scanned across the surface of a specimen

Question 23

Transmission electron microscopy

Answer 23

Electrons are passed through a specimen

Question 24

What features do all cells have incommon

Answer 24

A nucleoid or nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and a plasma membrane

Question 25

What contains genetic material in a nucleoid region

Answer 25

Prokaryotes

Question 26

The cytoplasm of eukaryotes contain various organelles which are suspended in a fluid known As..,

Answer 26

Cytosol

Question 27

Describe an organelle

Answer 27

A membrane-bound component with its own unique structure and function

Question 28

What region of the cell is contained within the plasma membrane

Answer 28

Cytoplasm

Question 29

A semifluid matrix that fills the interior of the cell and includes the organelles

Answer 29

Cytoplasm

Question 30

What macromolecule in the plasma membrane transports essential nutrients and ions into the cell and export substances out of the cell

Answer 30

Proteins

Question 31

What are prokaryotes encased in

Answer 31

A rigid cell wall

Question 32

FtsZ

Answer 32

Tabulin-like proteins in prokaryotes

Question 33

MreB

Answer 33

Actin-like proteins in prokaryotes

Question 34

Proteins that induce a charge in a cell when they come in contact with specific molecules in the environment or with molecules on the surface of neighboring cells

Answer 34

Receptor

Question 35

How can a cyanobacterium form the same type of photosynthesis that is performed by a chloroplast?

Answer 35

Because the photosynthetic enzymes are located in the plasma membrane

Question 36

Most bacterial cells are encased by a strong cell wall composed of ____________ which is a carbohydrate matrix cross-linked by polypeptides

Answer 36

Peptidoglycan or Muriel

Question 37

What helps the bacterium of an organism maintain its shape and prevents the excessive loss of water

Answer 37

Cell wall

Question 38

Peptidoglycan

Answer 38

Carbohydrates matrix cross-linked by short polypeptide units

Question 39

What are the functions of a bacterial cell wall

Answer 39

Maintain cell shape, prevent excessive uptake of water, prevent loss of water

Question 40

When certain bacteria are exposed to penicillin, which structure is compromised

Answer 40

Cell wall

Question 41

Describe the environments inhabited by archaea

Answer 41

Archaea can be found in any type of environment

Question 42

What do some bacteria produce to aid in attachment and prevents destruction by the host immune system

Answer 42

Capsule, or bacterial capsule

Question 43

What do archaea cells lack?

Answer 43

Peptidoglycan

Question 44

What does archaea appear to be closely related to

Answer 44

Eukaryotes

Question 45

Where were archaea originally discovered

Answer 45

In many extreme emirorments such as hot springs acid pools very saline waters

Question 46

In many archaean cells, the hydrocarbon chains of membrane lipids are linked to glycerol on both ends as aresult, their membranes are actually:

Answer 46

Monolayers

Question 47

Flagella

Answer 47

Long, threadlike structures protruding from the surface ot prokaryotic cells that are used for locomotion They may one or more per bacterial cell

Question 48

How are the flagella of bacteria powered

Answer 48

By a gradient of protons

Question 49

What do flagella provide?

Answer 49

Motility

Question 50

The internal scaffolding of eukaryotic cells is termed…

Answer 50

Cytoskeleton

Question 51

What is the cytoskeleton of the eukaryotic cell made up of?

Answer 51

Proteins

Question 52

What is the hallmark for eulcaryotic cells?

Answer 52

Compartmentalization

Question 53

What type of cells are resides found in

Answer 53

Plant and animal

Question 54

Which organisms are composed of cellulose andhitin?

Answer 54

Fungi, plants, and protists

Question 55

Eukaryotic cells have an extensive endomembrane system that weaves through the interior of the cell by numerous organelles: this allows eukaryotic cells to _______ their bacterial reactions

Answer 55

Compartmentalism or separate

Question 56

The name of the cell walls of plants composed of carbohydrate polymers

Answer 56

Cellulose

Question 57

A cell the might contains plasmodesmata

Answer 57

Plant cell

Question 58

What are the components of a nuclear pore?

Answer 58

A set of 8 fibers on the cytoplasmic face, a basket -like structure on the nuclear face, a central framework

Question 59

The nuclear lamina covers the inner surface of the nuclear envelope and is made of a network Iof fibers called the nuclear

Answer 59

Lamins

Question 60

The comments of the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 60

'a phospholipid belayer with associated proteins, a lumen

Question 61

On the nuclear surface, a nuclear pore has a complex structure that forms a basket beneath a central _______

Answer 61

Ring

Question 62

What type of RNA carries amino acids

Answer 62

Transfer

Question 63

Where can fully assembled ribosomes be found in the cell

Answer 63

Cutosol, endoplasmic reticulum

Question 64

Which type of RNA carries information for the synthesis of a protein that was copied from DNA?

Answer 64

Messenger

Question 65

The rough endoplasmicreticulum plays a role in sorting proteins that are destined for what locations?

Answer 65

Vacuoles, plasma membrane, lysosomes

Question 66

What is the positioning of the smooth Er related to the rough Er

Answer 66

His continuous with it

Question 67

What organs have extensive smooth Er

Answer 67

Testes, liver, intestine,, Brain

Question 68

What are the functions of the rough Er

Answer 68

Glycoprotein synthesis, protein synthesis, protein sorting

Question 69

Structures made of a core of neutral lipids, surrounded by a lipid monolayer

Answer 69

Lipid droplets

Question 70

The functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 70

Storage of calcium, assembly of membrane lipids and steroid synthesis

Question 71

Functions of the Golgi apparatus

Answer 71

Modifying and packaging proteins, collecting molecules to be transported through the cell, packaging molecules into transport vesicles

Question 72

Function of lysosome

Answer 72

Breakdown macromolecules, digestion of substances, recycling of building blocks to make new macromolecules

Question 73

Ph range of lysosomes

Answer 73

Acidic

Question 74

What can lysosomes breakdown?

Answer 74

Proteins, lipids, nuclei acids, and carbohydrates