Ch 4 Flashcards
(24 cards)
Reinforcement
The occurrence of a behavior is followed immediately by a consequence that results in the strengthening of that behavior
- Increases in frequency, duration, intensity, or speed (less delay)
- Defined by the effect it has on behavior (strengthens behavior)
Operant Behavior
A behavior that is strengthened through reinforcement
Reinforcer
The consequence that strengthens that behavior
Positive Reinforcement
Behavior -> Addition (+) of stimulus (reinforcer) = increase of behavior
Negative Reinforcement
Behavior -> Removal (-) of a stimulus (aversive stimulus) = Increase in behavior
- Negative reinforcement is not punishment
Stimulus
The object/event that can be detected by the senses & has the potential to influence a person
Determination of positive or negative reinforcement
- What is the behavior?
- What happened immediately after the behavior? (Was a stimulus added or removed?)
- ## What happened to the behavior in the future (is the behavior more likely to occur?
Social reinforcement
Behavior produces a reinforcing consequence through the actions of another person
Automatic reinforcement
Behavior produces a reinforcing consequence through direct contact with the physical environment
Escape behavior
Behavior results in the termination of an aversive stimuli
Avoidance
Behavior results in the prevention of an aversive stimuli
Unconditioned Reinforcer
Natural reinforcers that require no learning/ prior experience
- Primary reinforcers
Conditioned Reinforcer
A stimulus that was once neutral but became established as a reinforcer by being paired with an unconditioned reinforcer or an already established conditioned reinforcer
- Secondary reinforcer
- Tokens (what they are exchanged for)
- Generalized conditioned reinforcer - CR that is paired with a wide variety of other reinforcers (money)
Immediacy
Reinforcement should be provided immediately after the behavior
Contingency
Consistency in the behavior being followed by the consequence
Motivating Operations
- Establishing Operations
- Abolishing Operations
Establishing Operations
Reinforcer is more potent
Deprivation - Increases the effectiveness of most unconditioned reinforcers & some conditioned reinforcers
Abolishing Operations
Reinforcer becomes less potent
Satiation - When a person has recently consumed/been exposed to a large amount of a reinforcer
Individual Difference
The likelihood a reinforcer to work varies from person to person
Magnitude
The intensity/Amount of a stimulus is a more effective reinforcer
Extinction
A behavior that has been previously reinforced no longer results in reinforcement, and the behavior that stops occurring in the future
Extinction Burst
- Increase, frequency, duration, or intensity of the unreinforced behavior during the extinction process
- Novel behaviors may occur
- Emotional responses or aggressive behavior may occur
Spontaneous recovery
Behavior may occur again even after it has not occurred for some time
- Tendency for behavior to occur again in situations similar to those in which it occurred
Factors that influence extinction
Behavior that was continuously reinforced - decreases rapidly during extinction
Behavior was intermittently reinforced - more resistant to extinction (gradual reduction)
If reinforcement occurs during extinction procedures it takes longer to extinguish behavior
