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A&P 1 > Ch 4-6 > Flashcards

Ch 4-6 Flashcards

0
Q

When integral proteins extend across a membrane and act in transport (carriers or channels)

A

Transmembrane protein

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1
Q

Embedded firmly in lipid layer

A

Integral protein

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2
Q

____ Are attached to exposed part of integral protein

A

Peripheral proteins

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3
Q

Sugar + protein

A

Glycoproteins

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4
Q

Membrane proteins in adjacent cells fuse to form barrier preventing movement between cells

Small intestine, bladder

A

Tight junctions

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5
Q

Proteins “weld” anchored by filaments

Skin and cardiac muscle

A

Desmosomes

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6
Q

Joined transmembrane proteins (connexions) form a channel linking two cells

Cardiac muscle

A

Gap junctions

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7
Q

Tendency of atoms/molecules to spread out evenly due to random motion

A

Diffusion

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8
Q

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

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9
Q

Uses a protein carrier (specific attach and release) or channel to go through the membrane

A

Facilitated diffusion

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10
Q

Moves large particles out of the cell

A

Exocytosis

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11
Q

Moves large particles into the cell

A

Endocytosis

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12
Q

Segment of DNA that carries instructions for one polypeptide chain

A

Gene

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13
Q

The DNA molecule separates into two strands, then produces two new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing

A

DNA replication

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14
Q

a triplet of adjacent nucleotides in the messenger RNA chain that codes for a specific amino acid in the synthesis of a protein molecule.

A

Codon

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15
Q

a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.

A

Anticodon

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16
Q

_______is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane in the direction against their concentration gradient, i.e. moving from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.

A

Active transport

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17
Q

_______ is a movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes. Unlike active transport, it does not require an input of chemical energy, being driven by the growth of entropy of the system.

A

Passive transport

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18
Q

the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans.

A

Phagocytosis

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19
Q

Making of RNA from DNA

A

Transcription

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20
Q

movement of a body from one point of space to another

A

Translation

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21
Q

Each chromosome consists of two identical “sister” ________

A

Chromatids

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22
Q

Each pair of chromatids is attached at an area called the ____

A

Centromere

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23
Q
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
A

Structure of the cell

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24
Q

Solutions are equal - no net movement. Cells stay the same size.

A

Isotonic

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25
Q

Solution sigh the least solute. Cell swells

A

Hypotonic

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26
Q

Solution with the most solute. Cell shrinks

A

Hypertonic

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27
Q

No energy needed
Movement along a concentration gradient from greater to lesser concentration
Due to random motion of particles

A

Passive transport

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28
Q

Uses energy in for of ATP
Membranes pumps
Na +/K+ pump

A

Active transport

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29
Q

Made of ribosomal RNA & protein

Carry out protein synthesis in cytosol & on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Ribosomes

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30
Q

No ribosomes

Lipid synthesis
Detoxification of drugs and poisons
Calcium storage/release in muscles

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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31
Q

Has ribosomes

Produces special secretions like insulin
Membrane factory

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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32
Q

Series of flattened, membranous sacs

Forms lysosomes

A

Golgi apparatus

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33
Q

Rod-shaped powerhouse

Use of oxygen to produce ATP(cellular or aerobic respiration)

A

Mitochondria

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34
Q

Membranous sac

May digest & recycle parts

A

Lysosomes

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35
Q

Cylinders of tubules arranged at right angles

Moves towards the poles of the nucleus when it is time for cell division

A

Centrioles

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36
Q

Double membrane
Nuclear pores
Nucleoplasm

Control gene expression & mediate the replication of DNA

A

Nucleus

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37
Q

Dense area of RNA

Protein that makes ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

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38
Q

Cell not dividing

A

Interphase

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39
Q

The first and longest phase of mitosis

A

Prophase

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40
Q

Second phase. The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

A

Metaphase

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41
Q

3rd. The centromere splits and sister chromatids separate

A

Anaphase

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42
Q

Final. Chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell

A

Telophase

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43
Q

The cytoplasm pinches in half with a cleavage of furrow. Each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate chromosomes.

A

Cytokinesis

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44
Q

A group of similar cells that usually have a similar embryological origin and are specialized for a particular function

A

Tissue

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45
Q

The study of tissues

A

Histology

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46
Q

A single cell or a mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion

A

Gland

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47
Q

“Ductless glands” discharge their secretions into the intracellular fluid, where it diffuses into the blood stream

A

Endocrine glands

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48
Q

Secrete into ducts or directly onto a free surface. Their secretions include mucus, sweat, oil, ear wax and digestive enzymes.

A

Exocrine gland

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49
Q

Dendrites & axons. Receive & transmit signals

A

Neurons

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50
Q

In connective tissue —- also called extrafibrillar matrix, is an amorphous gel-like substance surrounding the cells. In a tissue, cells are surrounded and supported by an extracellular matrix.

A

The ground substance

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51
Q

Protective supporting cells

A

Neuroglia

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52
Q

Connective tissue membrane; where blood vessels are located

A

Perichondrium

53
Q

a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.

A

Periosteum

54
Q

________ is a thin layer of connective tissue that lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones.

A

endosteum

55
Q

a cavity or depression, especially in bone.

A

Lacunae

56
Q

Covering & lining; & glands.

Protection, filtration, lubrication, secretion, digestion, absorption, excretion, sensory reception.

A

Epithelial tissue

57
Q

Protects & supports, binds organs together, stores energy, and provides immunity

A

Connective tissue

58
Q

Movement

A

Muscle tissue

59
Q

Transmit impulses that coordinate body activities

A

Nervous tissue

60
Q

Have an apical (free) surface, which is exposed to body cavity, lining of internal organ or exterior of body, and a basement membrane that anchors it to underlying connective tissue.
Have a rich nervous supply
High capacity for renewal

A

Features of epithelial tissue

61
Q

Single layer of flat cells
Adapted for diffusion, osmosis, and filtration
Found in lungs and kidneys

A

Simple squamous epithelium

62
Q

Lines he heart, blood vessels, and lymph vessels and forms the walls of capillaries.

A

Endothelium

63
Q

______ any of the small, fingerlike projections of the surface of an epithelial cell. See more.

A

Microvilli

64
Q

Secrete mucus

A

Goblet cells

65
Q

____ are the tiny, hairlike structures that move digested food down the intestines.

A

cilia

66
Q

Accumulate secretion in cell until it ruptures. The discharged cell is replaced by a new cell.

A

Holocrine ( multicellular exocrine glands)

67
Q

Most exocrine glands, form secretion and discharge by exocytosis (salivary, sweat, pancreas)

A

Merocrine (multicellular exocrine gland)

68
Q

Secretions accumulate near the top, which pinches off to form secretion. Cell repairs itself and repeats. (Mammary glands, ceruminous glands)

A

Apocrine glands ( multicellular cellular exocrine glands )

69
Q

3 basic elements. Has a nerve supply. Usually highly vascular. Matrix may be fluid. Cells usually divide.

A

General features of connective tissue

70
Q

These cells can reproduce and form the matrix. These immature cell names end in -_____

A

-blast cell

71
Q

These cells have a reduced ability to divide and form matrix. Mature cell names end in -____

A

-cyte cells

72
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Areolar- gel like ground substance (lots of space)

Fibroblast, macrophages, adipocytes, mast cells, some blood cells

73
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Cells are adipocytes, and specialize in storing fat. Tightly packed & very little matrix. Oil droplets occupies most of the cell, pushing the nucleus to the side.

74
Q

Reticular connective tissue

A

Consists of reticular fibers and reticular cells in loose ground substance

75
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Bundles of parallel collagen fibers with rows of fibroblasts between. Great strength. Poor blood supply.

76
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Bundles of collagen fibers, thicker and arranged irregularly. Found in sheets. Skin

77
Q

Elastic connective tissue

A

Predominantly elastic fibers
Provides strength and elasticity
Vocal chords, some ligaments, walls of arteries, lungs, bronchial tubes

78
Q

Produce fibers and ground substance; most abundant

A

Fibroblasts

79
Q

Fat cells

A

Adipocytes

80
Q

Stem cells to replace damaged cells

A

Mesenchymal cells

81
Q

Engulf damaged cells or pathogens; derived from monocytes

A

Fixed macrophages

82
Q

Found close to blood vessels, they secrete heparin to inhabit clotting and histamine to dilate blood vessels

A

Mast cells

83
Q

From B lymphocytes; form antibodies

A

Plasma cells

84
Q

Phagocytic

A

Free macrophages

85
Q

Including neutrophil is and lymphocytes

A

Other leukocytes

86
Q

Made of protein collagen. Tough white fibers often occur in bundles.

A

Collagen fibers

87
Q

Composed of a protein called elastin. Yellow fibers. Coiled structure provides stretchy quality. Provides strength to tissues.

A

Elastic fibers

88
Q

Are composed of thin, branching collagen and glycoproteins. Provides support and form loose network of fibrous tissue.

A

Reticular fibers

89
Q

Skin. Keratinized squamous epithelium connected to dense irregular connective tissue.

A

Cutaneous

90
Q

Line body cavities that open to the outside. (Digestive tract, respiratory tract, urge it’s tract)
Kept moist by secretion.

A

Mucous membrane

91
Q

Line ventral cavities. 2 layers (parietal & visceral)

A

Serous membrane

92
Q

Voluntary cells are long multinucleate striated. Attaches to tendons

A

Skeletal muscle.

93
Q

Involuntary shirt, spindle-shaped single nucleus nonstriated . Located walls of hollow organs like your intestines and stomach

A

Smooth muscle

94
Q

Involuntary branched single nucleus striated intercalated discs. Found in the heart

A

Cardiac muscle

95
Q

Receive incoming signals (one or many) from the neuron

A

Dendrites

96
Q

Transmit outgoing signals (one) from the neuron

A

Axon

97
Q

Produce pigment melanin in granules and deposit in keratinocytes

A

Melanocytes

98
Q

Cellular extensions of melanocytes extend up between cells, passing pigment granules to cells

A

Cytochrome secretion

99
Q

The ridges between dermis and epidermis are _____ and are basis of fingerprints

A

Dermal papillae

100
Q

Has no pigment and white hair

A

Albino

101
Q

Bundle of smooth muscle attached to hair follicle

A

Arrector pili muscle

102
Q

the white area at the base of a fingernail.

A

Lunula

103
Q

Low body temperature that can lead to mental confusion, lethargy, unconsciousness. Can lead to death.

A

Hypothermia

104
Q

Yellow-orange pigment from vegetables that accumulates in stratum corneum or subcutaneous

A

Carotene

105
Q

Overgrown of melanin-forming cells. Moles

A

Nevus

106
Q

____ are the result of torn collagen fibers

A

Stretch marks

107
Q

Stratified squamous

A

Epidermis

108
Q

Connective tissue, thicker layer

A

Dermis

109
Q

Adipose and loose connective tissue anchoring skin

A

Hypodermis

110
Q

CLGSB

A

corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale.

111
Q

Single layer of cuboidal to columnar cells
Capable of continued cell division
Keratinocytes abundant in all cell layers, make keratin; stem cells in _____ layer generate new cells
Produce melanin

A

Stratum Basale

112
Q

Thorn like- prickly

Help fight infection in epidermis by insisting immune response.

A

Stratum spinosum

113
Q

3-5 layers of flattened cells
Keratinization begins here
Nucleus and organelles begin to break down
Cells begin to die

A

Stratum Granulosum

114
Q

3-5 layers of clear, flat dead cells found in areas with thick skin (palms, soles)

A

Stratum lucidum

115
Q

20-30 layers of dead, flat cells full of keratin
Glycolipids,between cells waterproof
Cells are shed
About 2-4’week shed

A

Stratum corneum

116
Q

How is hair colored determined?

A

By type and amount of pigment

Dark hair had much eumelanin (black/brown)
Red & blonde hair have pheomelanin (red/yellow)
Pigment production slows as people age

117
Q

Inner 2-3 rows of cells with pigment and air space

Hair shaft

A

Medulla

118
Q

Middle part of elongated cells - pigment in dark hair, air in white hair (hair shaft)

A

Cortex

119
Q

Single outer layer of flat, keratinization cells that overlap like shingles. (Hair shaft)

A

Cuticle

120
Q 
Usually connected to hair follicles 
Holocrine glands
Fats, cholesterol, proteins, salts, cell debris
Moisten hair and waterproofs skin
None in palms or soles
Large in neck, face, upper chest
A

Sebaceous (oil) glands

121
Q 
Most common.
Produce sweat in response to heat & P.A.
Produce moisture on palms & soles during stress
Carried by duct to a pore
Mostly water and some salts and waste
A

Eccrine glands

122
Q

Produce secretions with odor due to bacterial activity
Duct opens to hair follicle
Active during emotional stress
In armpits, groin, around nipples

A

Apocrine sweat glands

123
Q

What Secretes ear wax

A

Ceruminous glands

124
Q

What secretes milk

A

Mammary glands

125
Q

How is body temperature regulated? (Raised lowered)

A

Heat is carried away by blood.
Body heat is lost to surroundings
Physical activity

Dermal vessels constrict (raise)
Skeletal muscles contract
Shivering

126
Q

Injuries only epidermis, heals quickly

Burn

A

First degree burns

127
Q

Destroys some epidermis and dermis
Fluid from damaged capillaries form blisters
Skin usually recovers without scars (unless infection)
(Burn)

A

Second degree burns

128
Q

Destroys epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer
Treatment often involves skin grafts
(Burns)

A

Third degree burns

129
Q

How does aging affect skin?

A 
Cell cycle slows and cells get larger
Pigment patches (age spots) 
Wrinkles- dermis shrinks, loss of fat
Less oil makes skin dryer
Melanin production slows
Hair growth slows and hair thins
Temperature control fades
130
Q

What determines skin color?

A

Melanin, depends on type and amount

A&P 1 (3 decks)

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