CH 4 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
Exogenous
A
Arising from outside the body
2
Q
Neurochemistry
A
The branch of neuroscience concerned with the fundamental chemical composition and processes of the nervous system
3
Q
Receptor
A
A protein that binds and reacts to molecules of a neurotransmitter or hormone
Also called receptor molecule
4
Q
Ionotropic Receptor
A
A receptor protein that includes an ion channel that is opened when the receptor is bound by an agonist
5
Q
Metabotropic Receptor
A
A receptor protein that does not contain an ion channel but may, when activated use a G protein system to alter the functioning of the postsynaptic cell
6
Q
Receptor Subtype
A
Any type of receptor having functional characteristics that distinguish it from other types of receptors for the same neurotransmitter
7
Q
G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR)
A
A cell’s surface receptor that, when activated extracellularly, initiates G protein signaling mechanisms inside the cell
8
Q
Ligand
A
A substance that binds to receptor molecules, such as those at the surface of the cel
9
Q
Agonist
A
A molecule, usually a drug, that binds a receptor molecule and initiates a response like that of another molecule, usually a neurotransmitter
10
Q
Antagonist
A
A molecule, usually a drug, that interferes with or prevents the action of a transmitter
11
Q
Inverse Agonist
A
A substance that binds to a receptor and causes it to do the opposite of what the naturally occurring transmitter does
12
Q
Competitive Ligand
A
A substance that directly competes with the endogenous ligand for the same binding site on a receptor molecule
13
Q
Noncompetative Ligand
A
NEUROMODULATOR
A substance that alters the response to an endogenous ligand without interacting with the endogenous ligand’s recognition site
14
Q
Modulatory Site
A
A portion of a receptor that, when bound by a compound, alters the receptor’s response to its transmitter
15
Q
Endogenous
A
Produced inside the body
16
Q
Amine Neurotransmitter
A
A neurotransmitter based on modifications of a single amino acid.
Examples include acetylcholine, serotonin, and dopamine
17
Q
Amino Acid Neurotransmitter
A
A neurotransmitter that is itself an amino acid.
Examples include GABA, glycine, and glutamate
18
Q
Peptide Neurotransmitter
A
NEUROPEPTIDE
A neurotransmitter consisting of a short chain of amino acids.
Examples include neuropeptide Y, galanin, and VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide)
19
Q
Gas Neurotransmitter
A
A soluble gas, such as nitric oxide or carbon monoxide, that is produced and released by a neuron to alter the functioning of another neuron
20
Q
Co-Localization
A
Co-Release
Here, the appearance of more than one neurotransmitter in a given presynaptic terminal
21
Q
Glutamate
A
An amino acid transmitter, the most common excitatory transmitter
22
Q
Aspartate
A
An amino acid transmitter that is excitatory at many synapses
23
Q
Gluatmatergic
A
Referring to cells that use glutamate as their synaptic transmitter
24
Q
Excitotoxicity
A
The property by which neurons die when overstimulated, as with large amounts of glutamate
25
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
A widely distributed amino acid transmitter; the main inhibitory transmitter in the mammalian nervous system
26
Glycine
An amino acid transmitter, often inhibitory
27
Acetylcholine (ACh)
A neurotransmitter produced and released by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons, by motor neurons, and by neurons throughout the brain
28
Cholinergic
Referring to the cells that use acetylcholine as their synaptic transmitter
29
Nicotinic
Referring to cholinergic receptors that also respond to nicotine as well as to acetylcholine
30
Muscarinic
Referring to cholinergic receptors that respond to the chemical muscarine as well as to acetylcholine
31
Catecholamines
A class of monoamines that serve as neurotransmitters, including dopamine and norepinephrine
32
Indoleamine Neurotransmitters
A class of monoamines, including serotonin and melatonin, that serve as neurotransmitters
33
Dopamine (DA)
A monoamine transmitter found in the midbrain - ESP the substantia nigra - and basal forebrain
34
Mesostriatal Pathway
A set of dopaminergic axons arising from the midbrain and innervating the basal ganglia, including those from the substantia nigra to the striatum
35
Mesolimbocortical Pathway
A set of dopaminergic axons arising in the midbrain and innervating the limbic system and cortex
36
Monoamine Oxidases (MOAs)
A class of enzymes
The monoamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, and melatonin) are inactivated through a combination of presynaptic reuptake and enzymatic breakdown.
This enzymatic action is preformed by MOAs
37
Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT)
An important enzyme involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitter acetylcholine both at synaptic sites and elsewhere in the nervous system
38
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
An enzyme that inactivates the transmitter acetylcholine both at synaptic sites and elsewhere in the nervous system
39
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)
An enzyme that breaks down and thereby inactivates monoamine transmitters
40
Substantia Nigra
Literally "black substance".
A group of pigmented neurons in the midbrain that provides dopaminergic projections to areas of the forebrain, especially the basal ganglia
41
Striatum
The caudate nucleus and putamen together
42
Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
A portion of the midbrain that projects dopaminergic fibers to the nucleus accumbens
43
Norepinephrine (NE)
NORADRENALINE
A neurotransmitter produced and released by synaptic postganglionic neurons to accelerate organ activity. Also produced in the brain-stem and found in projections throughout the brain
44
Locus Coeruleus
Literally "blue spot".
A small nucleus in the brainstem whose neurons produce norepinephrine
45
Noradrenergic
Referring to systems using norpinephrine (noradrenaline) as a transmitter
46
Serotonin (5-HT)
A synaptic transmitter that is produced in the raphe nuclei and is active in structures throughout the cerebral hemispheres
47
Serotonergic
Referring to neurons that use serotonin as their synaptic transmitter
48
Raphe Nuclei
A string of nuclei in the midline of the midbrain and brainstem that contain most of the serotonergic neurons of the brain
49
Opioid Peptide
A type of endogenous peptide that mimics the effects of morphine in binding to opioid receptors and producing marked analgesia and reward
50
Nitric Oxide (NO)
A soluble gas that serves as a retrograde gas neurotransmitter in the nervous system
51
Retrograde Transmitter
A neurotransmitter that diffuses from the postsynaptic neuron back to the presynaptic neuron
52
Table 4.2
Check it out. Pg 104
53
Binding Affinity
AFFINITY
The propensity of molecules of a drug (or other ligand) to bind to receptors
54
Efficacy
INTRINSIC ACTIVITY
The extent to which a drug activates a response when it binds to a receptor
55
Partial Agonist
A drug that, when bound to a receptor, has less effect than the endogenous ligand would
56
Dose-Response Curve (DRC)
A formal plot of a drug's effects (on the y axis) versus the dose given (on the x axis)
57
Pharmacodynamics
Collective name for the factors that affect the relationship between a drug and its target receptors, such as affinity and efficacy
58
Tolerance
A condition in which, with repeated exposure to a drug, an individual becomes less responsive to a constant dose
59
Metabolic Tolerance
The form of drug tolerance that arises when repeated exposure to the drug causes the metabolic machinery of the body to become more efficient at clearing the drug
60
Functional Tolerance
Decreased responding to a drug after repeated exposures, generally as a consequence of up- or down-regulation of receptors
61
Down-Regulation
A compensatory reduction in receptor availability at the synapses of a neuron
62
Up-Regulation
A compensatory increase in receptor availability at the synapses of a neuron
63
Cross-Tolerance
A condition in which the development of tolerance for one drug causes an individual to develop tolerance for another drug
64
Withdrawal Symptom
An uncomfortable symptom that arises when a person stops taking a drug that he or she has used frequently, especially at high doses
65
Sensitization
A process in which the body shows an enhanced response to a given drug after repeated doses
66
Bioavailable
Referring to a substance, usually a drug, that is present in the body in a form that is able to interact with physiological mechanisms
67
Biotransformation
The process in which enzymes convert a drug into a metabolite that is itself, active, possibly in ways that are substantially different from the actions of the original substance
68
Pharmacokinetics
Collective name for all the factors that affect the movement of a drug into, through, and out of the body
69
Blood-Brain-Barrier
The mechanisms that make the movement of substances from blood vessels into the brain cells more difficult than exchanges in other body organs, thus affording the brain greater protection from exposure to some substances found in the blood.
70
Local Anesthetic
A drug, such as procane or lidocane, that blocks sodium channels to stop neural transmission in pain fibers.
71
Autoreceptor
A receptor for a synaptic transmitter that is located in the presynaptic membrane, telling the axon terminal how much neurotransmitter has been released.
72
Caffeine
A stimulant compound found in coffee, cacao, and other plants
73
Adenosine
In the context of neural transmission, a neuromodulator that alters synaptic activity
74
Transmitter Reuptake
The reabsorbtion of synaptic transmitter by the axon terminal from which it was released
75
Transporters
Specialized receptors in the presynaptic membrane that recognize neurotransmitter molecules and return to the presynaptic neuron for reuse
76
Degradation
The chemical breakdown of a neurotransmitter into inactive metabolites
77
Antipsychotics
A class of drugs that alleviate the symptoms of schizophrenia
78
Typical Antipsychotics
A class of antischizophrenic drugs whose principal mode of action is antagonism of dopamine D2 receptors
79
Atypical Antipsychotics
Also called ATYPICAL NEUROLEPTICS
A class of antischizophrenic drugs that have actions other than or in addition to the dopamine D2 receptor antagonism tat characterizes the typical antipsychotics
80
Antidepressants
A class of drugs that relieve the symptoms of depression
81
Tricyclic Antidepressants
A class of drugs that act by increasing the synaptic accumulation of serotonin and norepinephrine
82
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI)
A drug that blocks the reuptake of transmitter at serotonergic synapses
83
Serotonin-Norepinephine Reuptake Inhibitor (SNRI)
A drug that blocks the reuptake of transmitter at both serotongergic and noradrenergic synapses
84
Anxiolytics
A class of substances that are used to combat anxiety
85
Depressants
A class of drugs that act to reduce neural activity
86
Barbiturate
A powerful sedative anxiolytic derived from barbituric acid, with dangerous addiction and overdose potential
87
Benzodiazepine Agonists
A class of antianxiety drugs that bind to sites on GABA(a) receptors
88
Orphan Receptor
Any receptor for which no endogenous ligand has yet been discovered
89
Allopregnanolone
A naturally occurring steroid that modulates GABA receptor activity in much the same way benzodiazepine anxiolytics do
90
Neurosteroids
Steroid produced in the brain
91
Opium
A heterogenous extract of the seedpod juice of the opium poppy.
Papaver Somnniferum
92
Morphine
An opiate compound derived from the poppy flower
93
Analgesic
Referring to painkilling properties
94
Heroin
Diacetylmorphine;
An artificially modified, very potent form of morphine
95
Opioid Receptor
A receptor that responds to endogenous and/or exogenous opiates
96
Periaqueductal Gray
The neuronal body-rich region of the midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct that connects the third and fourth ventricles;
involved in the pain perception
97
Endogenous Opioids
A family of peptide transmitters that have been called the body's own narcotics. The three kinds are enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphines
98
Enkephlains
One of three kinds of endogenous opioids
99
Edorphins
One of three kinds of endogenous opioids
100
Dynorphins
One of three kinds of endogenous opioids
101
^9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
The major active ingredient in marijuana
102
Endocannabinoid
An endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors; this, an analog of marijuana that is produced by the brain
103
Anandamide
An endogenous substance that binds the cannabinoid receptor molecules
104
Khat
Also spelled qat
An African shrub that, when chewed, acts as a stimulant
105
Nicotine
A compound found in plants, including tabacco, that acts as an agonist on a large class of cholinergic receptors
106
Cocaine
A drug of abuse, derived from the coca plant, that acts by potentiating catecholamine stimulation
107
Dual Dependence
Dependence for emergent drug effects that occur only when two drugs are taken simultaneously
108
Amphetamine
A molecule that resembles the structure of the catecholamine transmitters and enhances their activity
109
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
A disorder, including intellectual disability and characteristic facial anomalies, that affects children exposed to too much alcohol through maternal ingestion during their development
110
Hallucinogens
A class of drugs that alter sensory perception and produce particular experiences
111
LSD
ACID
Lysergic acid diethylamide, a hallucinogenic drug
112
Ketamine
A dissociative anesthetic drug that acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist
113
Dissociative Drug
A type of drug that produces a dreamlike state in which consciousness is partly separated from sensory inputs
114
MDMA
Ecstasy
3,4-methylenedioxymethampetamine
115
Dependence
Addiction - The strong desire to self-administer a drug of abuse
116
Substance abuse
A maladaptive pattern of substance abuse that has lasted more than a month but does not fully meet the criteria for dependence
117
Cue-Induced Drug Use
An increased likelihood to use a drug (especially an addictive drug) because of the presence of environmental stimuli that were present during previous use of the same drug
118
Vaccination
An injection of a foreign substance, such as deactivated viruses or conjugated molecules of drugs of abuse like cocaine, in order to provoke the production of antibodies against the foreign substance
