ch 4

Question 1

• how a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality
• if men define something as real, then they are real in its consequence

Answer 1

Thomas theorem

Question 2

the responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to his or her rank and role in society

Answer 2

status

Question 3

a group of people who live in a definable community and share the same culture

Answer 3

society

Question 4

how strongly a person is connected to his or her social group

Answer 4

social integration

Question 5

an idea that becomes true when acted upon

Answer 5

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 6

patterns of behavior that are representative of a person’s social status

Answer 6

roles

Question 7

an array of roles attached to a particular status

Answer 7

role-set

Question 8

stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role

Answer 8

role strain

Question 9

the expression of a role

Answer 9

role performance

Question 10

a situation when one or more of an individual’s roles clash

Answer 10

role conflict

Question 11

a belief that modern society should be built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or tradition

Answer 11

rationalization

Question 12

the laborers in a society

Answer 12

proletariat

Question 13

societies based around the domestication of animals

Answer 13

pastoral societies

Question 14

a type of social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differences

Answer 14

organic solidarity

Question 15

a type of social order maintained by the collective consciousness of a culture

Answer 15

mechanical solidarity

Question 16

our reflection of how we think we appear to others

Answer 16

looking-glass self

Question 17

a situation in which an individual is trapped by social institutions

Answer 17

iron cage

Question 18

the act of implanting a convention or norm into society

Answer 18

institutionalization

Question 19

societies based on the production of nonmaterial goods and services

Answer 19

information societies

Question 20

societies characterized by a reliance on mechanized labor to create material goods

Answer 20

industrial societies

Question 21

societies that depend on hunting wild animals and gathering uncultivated plants for survival

Answer 21

hunter-gatherer societies

Question 22

societies based around the cultivation of plants

Answer 22

horticultural societies

Question 23

• the idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit
• each action repeated frequently becomes a pattern that can be performed in the same manner in the future

Answer 23

habitualization

Question 24

societies that operate on a strict hierarchical system of power based around land ownership and protection

Answer 24

feudal societies

Question 25

a person’s beliefs and ideology that are in conflict with her best interests

Answer 25

false consciousness

Question 26

the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society

Answer 26

collective conscience

Question 27

the awareness of one’s rank in society

Answer 27

class consciousness

Question 28

a way of organizing an economy so that the things that are used to make and transport products (such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.) are owned by individual people and companies rather than by the government

Answer 28

capitalism

Question 29

the owners of the means of production in a society

Answer 29

bourgeoisie

Question 30

the status outside of an individual’s control, such as sex or race

Answer 30

ascribed status

Question 31

a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness

Answer 31

anomie

Question 32

an individual’s isolation from his society, his work, and his sense of self

Answer 32

alienation

Question 33

societies that rely on farming as a way of life

Answer 33

agricultural societies

Question 34

the status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income

Answer 34

achieved status

Question 35

- 10,000 to 12000 years ago - kinship and tribe - hunted wild animals for food - were nomads - ex aborigines and Bambuti

Answer 35

hunter and gather society

Question 36

-7500 years ago tamed and bred animals grew their own plants -nomadic because they had to follow their animals relied on the domestication of their animals -special occupation started -trading started with close societies -Maasai villagers

Answer 36

pastoral society

Question 37

-7500 years ago - lived where steady rainfall let them grow a stable amount of crops -depended on the environment for survival -didn't have to move their location of resources -able to start pertinent settlements first revolution to human survival

Answer 37

horticulture society

Question 38

-3000 bc -learned to rotate crops and reuse waste products -tools were made of metal -settlements grew into towns and cities -contemplative and thoughtful activities -dawn of civilization nobility started

Answer 38

agriculture society

Question 39

- power lies wherein those who can store and distribute knowledge - people are likely sellers or service providers

Answer 39

postindustrial societies

Question 40

- If I do not submit to the conventions of society, if in my dress I do not conform to the customs, the ridicule I provoke, the social isolation in which I am kept, produce the same effects as punishment - mechanical and organic solidarity - believed cultural glue that held society together was failing - like Comte and Spencer - anomie

Answer 40

Emile Durkheim and functionalism

Question 41

- appeared in times of social revolution - called capital government a dictatorship of the business owners - described modern society in terms of alienation - idea that false consciousness should be replaced by class consciousness so the society would be ready for social revolution - split between owners and labors

Answer 41

Karl Marx and conflict theory

Question 42

- thought industrialization would have a negative effect on society - split between owners and labors - based on non-economic factors - class and status determine a person's power - rationalization - more interested in a person's experience of social divisions rather than divisions themselves - believes that people will get trapped in bureaucracy and institutions in what is called an iron cage which is believed to be the final condition in humanity

Answer 42

Max Weber and social interactionism

Question 43

to present ourselves how we want to be perceived

Answer 43

impression management

Question 44

An industrial worker does not have the opportunity to relate to the product he labors on.

Answer 44

Alienation from the product of one’s labor.- Marx

Question 45

A worker does not control the conditions of her job because she does not own the means of production.

Answer 45

Alienation from the process of one’s labor. -Marx

Question 46

Workers compete, rather than cooperate.

Answer 46

Alienation from others.

Question 47

is a loss of connectivity between a worker and her occupation.

Answer 47

Alienation from one’s self. - Marx