Ch 4 and 5 Flashcards
(33 cards)
Imitation
Meltzoff and Moore (1977)
- Infants can imitate facial expressions at 2-3 wks old
- Maybe for social learning or maybe just a reflex
Bio explanation for imitation
Mirror neurons and infrared spectroscopy
- Neurons engage when watching someone do a task
- Helps bond with caregiver
Gross Motor Development Timeline
-Crawling 5-11 months
-Standing 9-16 months
-Walking 9-17 months
Affected by CNS, movement capacities, goals, environmental supports
Variations in Rates/Patterns of motor development caused by
- Early movement opportunities
- Environmental stimulation
- Child-rearing practices (Kenya)
Hearing Development Timeline
4-7 months: Sense of musical phrasing
6-8 months: Screen out sounds not used in native language
7-9 months: More sensitive to words w/in speech
Become more sensitive to info important to them socially
Vision Timeline
2 months: Focus
4 months: color vision adult like
6 months: improved acuity, scanning, tracking
6-7: depth perception
-Supported by rapid maturation of eyes and visual centers
Differentiation Theory
Infants actively search for invariant features of the environment
- They note stable relationships b/w features
- Gradually detect finer and finer features
Affordance
Starting at infancy we are constantly looking for ways in which the environment affords possibilities for action or interaction
-Perceive the world in how it affords to us
Schemes
Psych structures
- organized ways of making sense of experience
- Change with age
Adaptation
Building schemes through direct interaction w/ environment
Assimilation
Using current schemes to interpret external world
Accommodation
Adjusting old schemes and creating new ones to better fit environment
Equilibrium
Congruency b/w schemes and new experience
-Use assimilation
Disequilibrium
Mismatch b/w current schemes and new experience
Prompts accommodation
Sensorimotor Stage
From birth to 2 children are building schemes through sensory and motor exploration
-Infants learn through circular reactions (intention for learning comes later)
Circular Reaction
Child stumbles into new experience and tries to repeat it again and again
-Strengthens scheme through repitition
Sensorimotor Substages (6)
- Reflexive schemes (birth-1 month)
- Primary circular reactions
- Secondary circular reactions
- Coordination of secondary circular reactions
- Tertiary circular reactions
- Mental representations
Primary Circular reactions
Substage 2 (1-4 months) -Simple motor habits centered around own body--accidental
Secondary Circular Reactions
Substage 3 (4-8 months) -Repeat interesting effects in surroundings--accidental
Coordination of Secondary Circ Reactions
Substage 4 (8-12 months)
- Intentional, goal directed multi-scheme behavior
- Object hiding task
- Object permanence develops
Tertiary Circ Reactions
Substage 5 (12-18 months)
- Explore properties of objects through novel actions
- Experimenting w/ variations of existing action schemes
Mental Representations
Substage 6 (18 months-2 yrs)
- Internal depictions of objects or concepts, allows for sudden solutions w/ trial and error
- Experiment in mind
- Deferred imitation and make believe play
Flaws with Piaget’s Substages
Develop earlier than Piaget thought in secondary circ reactions, object permanence, deferred imitation, categorization, problem solving by analogy
-Some believe that infants are born with core knowledge in several domains
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Social contexts: other people contribute to cog development
-Zone of proximal development and scaffolding
