Ch. 4 Court Cases

Question 1

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Answer 1

established judicial review; John Marshall power of the supreme court; “midnight judges”

Question 2

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Answer 2

established national supremacy and implied powers; use of elastic clause; state unable to tax fed. institution; “power to tax&raquo_space; power to destroy”

Question 3

Gibbons v Ogden (1824)

Answer 3

Supreme Court gave wide defn. to Congress’ power to “regulate commerce… among the several states”

Question 4

Dred Scott v Sandford (1857)

Answer 4

upheld property rights over human rights; divided nation; rule Missouri Compromise (1820) unconstitutional

Question 5

Plessy v Ferguson (1896)

Answer 5

established separate but equal

Question 6

Schenck v US (1919)

Answer 6

limits on speech; clear and present danger test; Oliver Wendell Holmes; shouting “fire” in crowded theater

Question 7

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

Answer 7

established precedent of federalizing Bill oF RIghts; states cannot deny freedom of speech (protected in due process clause of Amend. 14)

Question 8

Powell v Alabama (1932)

Answer 8

sup. ct. ruled that right to counsel is required by law in death penalty trials

Question 9

Palko v Connecticut (1937)

Answer 9

provided test to determine which parts of BoR should be federalized– which parts are explicitly necessary for liberty

Question 10

Brown v Board 1st (1954)

Answer 10

school segregation unconstitutional; segregation psychologically damaging; overtunred separate but equal; used 14th amend; Warren Court

Question 11

Brown v Board 2nd (1955)

Answer 11

ordered schools to desegregate “with all due and deliberate speed”

Question 12

NAACP v Alabama (1958)

Answer 12

protected freedom of association/assembly

Question 13

Mapp v Ohio (1961)

Answer 13

established exclusionary rule; illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court; Warren Court

Question 14

Engel v Vitale (1962)

Answer 14

prohibited state sponsored recitation of prayer in public schools (est. clause & Amend. 14 due process clause); Warren Court

Question 15

Baker v Carr (1962)

Answer 15

“one man, one vote”; ordered state legislative districts to be as near equal in population; Warren Court

Question 16

Abbington v Schempp (1963)

Answer 16

prohibited devotional Bible reading in public schools (est. clause & Amend. 14 due process clause); warren court

Question 17

Gideon v Wainright (1963)

Answer 17

ordered states to provide lawyers for those unable to afford so; warren court

Question 18

Wesberry v Sanders (1963)

Answer 18

ordered house districts to be as near equal in population as possible

Question 19

Heart of Atlanta Motel Inc. v US (1964)

Answer 19

court ruled congress could outlaw racial segregation of private facilities that are engaged in interstate commerce

Question 20

Griswald v Connecticut (1965)

Answer 20

established right of privacy via 4th and 9th amend.; set precedent for Roe v Wade

Question 21

Harper v Virginia Board of Elections (1966)

Answer 21

poll taxes make illegal for state elections bc violated equal protection clause (amend 14)

Question 22

Miranda v Arizona (1966)

Answer 22

es. miranda warnings of counsel and silence; warren court

Question 23

In Re Gault (1967)

Answer 23

children granted some of the rights in criminal cases protected by BoR

Question 24

Epperson v Arkansas (1968)

Answer 24

prohibited states form banning teaching of evolution

Question 25

Tinker v Des Moines SD (1969)

Answer 25

upheld students 1st amend. right; students do not shed const. rights of freedom of speech or expression at schoolhouse gate; armbands in protest of Viet. War

Question 26

NYT v US (1971)

Answer 26

pentagon papers; no prior restraint on newspapers even if publication would embarrass government

Question 27

Lemon v Kurtzman (1971)

Answer 27

est. 3 part test to determine if est. clause is violated:nonsecular purpose, doesnt influence religion or entangle w/ government; funding of religious schools

Question 28

Roe v Wade (1973)

Answer 28

est. nat. abortion guidelines; trimester guidelines; inferred precedent of Griswald v Connecticut

Question 29

US v Nixon (1974)

Answer 29

allowed for executive privilege, but not in criminal cases; watergate; "even president is not above law"

Question 30

Buckley v Valeo (1976)

Answer 30

1st amend protects campaign spending; legislatures can limit contributions but NOT how much one spends of their OWN money for campiagn

Question 31

UC Regents v Bakke (1978)

Answer 31

Alan BAkke and UC Davis Medical School; strict quotas unconst. but state may allow race to be taken into account as ONE factor in admissions decisions

Question 32

NJ v TLO (1985)

Answer 32

4th and 14th amend; student accused of smoking in BR principal searches purse and finds evidence of dealing in school... reasonable search and seizure?

Question 33

Bethel SD v. Fraser (1986)

Answer 33

permits a public school to punish a student for giving a lewd speech; sexually suggestive political speech at HS assembly to elect officers

Question 34

Webster v Reproductive Health Services (1987)

Answer 34

more leeway for states in regulating abortion

Question 35

Hazelwood SD v Kuhlmeier (1988)

Answer 35

1st amend; principal removed articles of newspaper bc "inappropriate, personal, unsuitable" etc.

Question 36

Planned Parenthood v Casey (1992)

Answer 36

states can regulate abortion but not with regulations that impose "undue burden" upon women; more leeway for states in regulating abortion

Question 37

Shaw v Reno (1993)

Answer 37

no racial gerrymandering (preference); race cannot be sole/predominant factor in redrawing legislative boundaries

Question 38

US v Lopez (1995)

Answer 38

gun free school zones act exceeded congress' authority to regulate interstate commerce

Question 39

Reno v ACLU (1997)

Answer 39

extending 1st amend. free speech to internet; court repealed parts of communications decency act of 1996

Question 40

US Term Limits, Inc. v Thornton (1997)

Answer 40

state-imposed term limits of congress-members was unconstitutional

Question 41

Clinton v NY (1998)

Answer 41

banned presidential use of line item veto (cant reject individual provisions of a bill)

Question 42

Boy Scouts of America v Dale (2000)

Answer 42

upheld right of boy scouts to exclude 🌈gays🌈(association and speech)

Question 43

Bush v Gore (2000)

Answer 43

used 14th amendment's equal protection clause to stop Florida recount in election of 2000

Question 44

Atkins v Virginina (2002)

Answer 44

banned use of death penalty for mentally retarded

Question 45

Zelman v Simmons-Harris (2002)

Answer 45

public money can be used to send disadvantaged kids to religious schools in tuition voucher programs

Question 46

Board v Pottawatomie (2002)

Answer 46

school dsitricts can impose random drug tests on kids in extracurric. activities

Question 47

Ashcroft v ACLU (2002)

Answer 47

struck down federal ban on "virtual" child porn

Question 48

Lawrence v Texas (2003)

Answer 48

using right of privacy struck down Texas law banning sodomy

Question 49

Grutter v Bollinger (2003)

Answer 49

allowed use of race as a general factor in law school admissions at U of Mich Law School

Question 50

Gonzales v Carhart (2007)

Answer 50

upheld partial birth abortion ban act (2003)

Question 51

District of Columbia v Heller (2008)

Answer 51

upheld individual right to bear arms

Question 52

Citizens United v Federal Elections Commission (2010)

Answer 52

prohibits government from restricting independent political expenditures by corporations, associations, labor unions or individuals; direct donations to candidates still have $ caps

Question 53

gratz v billing we

Answer 53

struck down "bonus points" for race in undergrad admissions