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Sociology 2001 > Ch 4: Culture > Flashcards

Ch 4: Culture Flashcards

1
Q

A ____ is a system of ideas, values, beliefs, knowledge, norms, customs, and technology shared by almost everyone in a particular group or society a group or society that make it distinct from other groups and societies

A

Culture

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2
Q

Examples of culture

A
  • first name
  • last name
  • food
  • clothing
  • agriculture
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3
Q

Groups have their own internal cultures since they result from ________

A

social interaction

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4
Q

Certain institutions might have certain policies about how things are done

A

formal

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5
Q

A culture within an institution that makes people behave in a certain way

A

informal

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6
Q

What includes norms, values, beliefs, symbols, and language

A

nonmaterial culture

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7
Q

What consists of artifacts like physical items like tools and goods

A

material culture

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8
Q

Culture is created through ______

A

social interaction

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9
Q

Non-Material culture often begins as _____

A

necessary adaptation

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10
Q

Non-material culture has shared beliefs as ____

A

survival adaptation

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11
Q

Language to communicate is an example of _____

A

non-material culture

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12
Q

In material culture, objects used to adapt take on ________ meanings and often have interaction rituals

A

cultural meanings

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13
Q

_____ may also involve specific material cultural objects

A

Rituals

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14
Q

Culture is _____ and _____

A

objects; ideas

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15
Q

Patterns of ____ provide people with a framework for making decisions

A

behavior

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16
Q

______ are needed to coordinate activities

A

routines

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17
Q

______ helps people coordinate their lives

A

culture

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18
Q

(T/F) The examination of culture can occasionally be difficult because we can be faced with practices/beliefs that are radically similar to our own

A

False; different

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19
Q

Early sociologists were quite ____ and saw many other cultures as inferior and full of “savages” and “simplistic societies” much of their research was done from that perspective

A

ethnocentric

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20
Q

Early sociologists were quite ethnocentric and saw many other cultures as inferior and full of “____” and “________” much of their research was done from that perspective

A

savages; simplistic societies

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21
Q

Some individuals take on a ______ perspective that see’s their own culture as inferior

A

xenocentric

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22
Q

The belief that cultures must be judged on their own terms is known as __________

A

cultural relativism

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23
Q

(T/F) Cultural relativism means that a behavior appropriate in one place may be appropriate everywhere

A

False; may not

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24
Q

(T/F) Knowledge of cultural relativism can be useful to anyone who works with people from different cultures

A

True

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25
Q

____ are the expectations about appropriate thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of people in a variety of situations

A

norms

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26
Q

The bus, gym and operating room are places that many people follow the ____

A

norms

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27
Q

Norms can be applied to broader social things like _____

A

marriage

28
Q

______ are widely held beliefs about what is considered moral and just behavior in society

A

Mores

29
Q

Mores have stronger _____

A

social sanctions

30
Q

Mores that prohibit actions are ____

A

taboos

31
Q

Incest is an example of a ____

A

taboo

32
Q

_____ are the rules of behavior for common and routine interactions

A

folkways

33
Q

An example of a folkway is:

A

Waiting your turn in line

34
Q

Folkways have _____ sanctions

A

social

35
Q

_____ are what a society views as desirable, good, and important

A

values

36
Q

Saying a society ____ educations also likely means there are a lot of norms supporting it’s behavior

A

values

37
Q

_____ are what we deem to be factually true

A

beliefs

38
Q

Beliefs are held individually but are normally shared by groups, which can create _____

A

social pressure

39
Q

____ refers to our relative position in society

A

Status

40
Q

____ are the expectations about how people of a given status should think, feel, and behave

A

Roles

41
Q

Expected behaviors are often tied to ________

A

cultural belief

42
Q

A ______ is anything that has the same meaning for two or more people

A

symbol

43
Q

Symbols can cause feelings of _____ or negative feelings

A

pride

44
Q

A symbol of pride would be

A

a nation’s flag

45
Q

A symbol for negative feelings would be the

A

Nazi swastika

46
Q

(T/F) People from different cultures may react differently to the same symbol

A

True

47
Q

Cultures change over time due to _____

A

social consensus

48
Q

Culture changes in response to events both ________

A

manmade and natural

49
Q

_____ are groups that have rules, values, or beliefs that conflict with the mainstream culture

A

Countercultures

50
Q

The norms of a counterculture usually only makes sense when framed as in opposition to a _____ culture

A

dominant

51
Q

_______ is also a possible mechanism for social change, with limited results

A

Violent conflict

52
Q

_____ are also an important element of many people’s social identity

A

cultures

53
Q

_____ can change over time and cultures often have smaller groups within

A

cultural identities

54
Q

_____ are groups that exist within a larger culture

A

subcultures

55
Q

Subcultures accept many of the values and beliefs of the _____ culture but also maintaining some unique ways of living

A

larger

56
Q

Subcultures can reflect a variety of cultural reasons such as:

A

immigration patterns, ideologies, and lifestyles

57
Q

Subcultures ____ exist in opposition to the dominant culture

A

do not

58
Q

_____ are practices that exist in most or all societies, such as social structures, tools, families, and politics

A

Cultural universals

59
Q

Social structures, tools, families, and politics are all examples of

A

cultural universals

60
Q

The system of knowledge, beliefs, behaviors, and customs that is unique to a specific social group is know as

A

idioculture

61
Q

________ tends to lag behind material culture

A

nonmaterial culture

62
Q

Humans are not born with cultural knowledge, we learn it through ____

A

interactions

63
Q

People socialized within a particular culture will pick up these things from interactions:

A
  • Norms
  • Values
  • Beliefs
  • Symbols
  • Language
64
Q

The 4 complexities of culture are:

A
  • Countercultures
  • Subcultures
  • Idioculture
  • Cultural Lag
65
Q

(T/F) There is always variation

A

True

Sociology 2001 (18 decks)

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