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AP Bio > Ch 4 Macromolecules > Flashcards

Ch 4 Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

molecules made from hydrogen and carbons

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2
Q

Alkanes

A

single bond hydrocarbons C-C

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3
Q

Alkenes

A

double bond hydrocarbons C=C

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4
Q

Alkynes

A

triple bond hydrocarbons CミC

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5
Q

Isomers

A

Same molecular formula but different structural formula

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6
Q

Functional Groups

A

Take part in chemical reactions

Hydroxyl -OH
Carbonyl C=O
Carboxyl COOH
Amino NH2
Sulfhydryl SH
Phosphate (PO4)3-
Methyl CH3
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7
Q

Macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

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8
Q

Macromolecules are made of

A

Polymers

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9
Q

Polymers are made of

A

Monomers

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10
Q

How are monomers joined together

A

Through a process of condensation/dehydration

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11
Q

Condensation/dehydration

A

H20 is removed from the two monomers to make a polymer

O-O-O-H + H-O-O-O = H2O + O-O-O-O-O

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12
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Reverse process of dehydration–> H2O is added to polymers to break them into monomers

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13
Q

Carbohydrates can be (what are the units?)

A

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides & Polysaccharides

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14
Q

General Ratio of CHO in (such as in glucose)

A

1:2:1

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15
Q

When does glucose form ring structures?

A

In aqueous solutions

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16
Q

Glucosidic Linkage (in disaccharides and polysaccharides)

A

How monosaccharides are joined

a covalent bond formed between monosaccharides

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17
Q

What does the root “Glyco” mean?

A

sugar

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18
Q

Starch

A

how plants store polysaccharides

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19
Q

Glycogen

A

how animals store polysaccharides

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20
Q

What are the the two types of starch

A

Amylose- Unbranched

Amylopectin- Branched (structural support such as cellulose)

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21
Q

2 Glucose ring structures

A

alpha glucose–> starch - digestable

beta glucose–> cellulose - abrades digestive tract

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22
Q

CHITIN

A

type of polysaccharide found in
anthropoids –> shells
fungi –> wall

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23
Q

Lipids are made of

A

hydrocarbons

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24
Q

Lipids do what for organisms?

A

Protection
Insulation
Communication (through nerves)
Pigments

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25
Q

What are the three types of Lipids?

A

Fats
Phospholipids
Steroids

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26
Q

2 types of Fat?

A

Unsaturated & Saturated

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27
Q

Unsaturated fats…

A 
C=C or CミC
Liquid at room temp
Double bonds cause a bend in the chain called a KINK
Molecules loosely packed 
ex. olive oil, peanut oil
28
Q

Saturated fats

A 
C-C-C-C
Solid at room temp
Many Hydrogen atoms can be added to the Carbon Atoms as a result of the single bonds
Molecules closely packed
ex. Butter, Lard
29
Q

Hydrogenation of Vegetable Oils

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acids–> Saturated Fatty Acids
cis bond –> Trans Bond

“No Trans Fat”
vegetable oils—–Margarine

30
Q

How much energy does fat have in comparison to polysaccharides (CHO)

A

art x2 as much

31
Q

How do plants store fat

A

in their seeds

32
Q

How do people store fat

A

Adipose tissue (under the skin)

33
Q

Phospholipids

A

Seen in the cell membrane
2 Fatty Acids + 1 Glycerol

2 tails (lipids) ------------- Hydrophobic
Head (Phosphate) ----------- Hydrophilic

Lipid Bilayer 0 0 0 0 0 0
| \ | \ | \ | \ | \ | \
| / | / | / | / | / | /
| \ | \ | \ | \ | \ | \
| / | / | / | / | / | /
0 0 0 0 0 0

34
Q

Steroids

A

ex. cholesterol
(found in. the cell membrane between the lipid bilayer)

  • form ring structure
  • bring 2 tails together in warm
    push them away in cold
  • maintain flexibility of cell membrane
  • sex hormones
35
Q

2 types of Nucleic Acid

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid & Ribonucleic Acid

36
Q

What is the monomer unit of Nucleic Acid

A

Nucleotide

37
Q

What are the three parts to a nucleotide

A

Phosphate group, Sugars & Nitrogenous bases

38
Q

What is the full name of DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

39
Q

Purines vs Pyrimidines

A

Purines – Adenine & Guanine
——-> 5 membered ring

Pyrimidines – Cytosine & Thymine (Uracil in RNA)
——–> 6 membered ring

40
Q

Base pairing

A

A=T

GミC

41
Q

2 strands of DNA are said to be

A

Antiparallel (run in the opposite direction)

42
Q

Replication fork

A

Where the DNA unwinds and is replicated

43
Q

Helicase

A

Cuts the H2 bonds in DNA

44
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Bring in new bases after DNA is cut and aligns them next to the old one (also “proofreads”)

45
Q

Explain the process of protein synthesis

A

mRNA comes int the nucleus
mRNA brings copied code into the cytoplasm
mRNA gets modified and goes to the Ribosomes
tRNA brings the correct Amino Acids
Ribosomes + rRNA make the polypeptide chain

46
Q

Triplet Codon

A

3 bases form an Amino Acid

47
Q

Chromosomes are comprised of

A

DNA

48
Q

DNA are comprised of

A

Genes

49
Q

enantiomers

A

Each of a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other

50
Q

What two structures can a sugar take? and what structure does it have in water

A

Ketone & Aldose or Ring

51
Q

Where do plants store starch

A

Plastids

52
Q

What 4 things are attached to the center of all amino acids?

A

1) a-Amine Group
2) a-Carboxyl Group
3) R-group (side chain) unique to each amino acid
4) a hydrogen

53
Q

peptide bond

A

bond between amino acids

54
Q

parts to an amino acid

A

alpha carbon, Hydrogen, Amine Group, R group (Side Chain)

55
Q

Esther Linkage

A

Bond formed by dehydration between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group. Resulting fat is a TRIACLYGLYCEROL consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol

56
Q

primary structure of a protein

A

sequence of amino acids

57
Q

secondary structure

A

coils and folds of proteins, the result of hydrogen bonds between the retreating constituents of the polypeptide backbone

alpha helices
betal pleated sheets

58
Q

tertiary structure

A

overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains of various amino acids

hydrophobic interactions contribute to the protein’s unique shapes

vänder Waals interactions help hold together nonpolar amino acid chains that are close together

hydrogen bonds between polar side chains and ionic bonds between positively and negatively side chains also help hold the protein together

59
Q

quaternary structure

A

the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits

60
Q

disulfide bridges

A

from where two cytosine monomers (which have sulfhydrl groups) on their side chains, are brought close together by the folding of the protein. The sulfur of one cytosine bonds to the sulfur of the second, and the disulfide bridge RIVETS part of the protein together.

61
Q

denaturation

A

when a protein unravels or loses its native shape as a result of change in pH, salt concentration, temperature or other aspects of its environment that are altered.

62
Q

polynucleotides

A

polymer of nucleic acids

63
Q

nucleotide contains

A

a five carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base and between one to three phosphate groups

64
Q

phosphodiester linkage

A

bond between adjacent nucleotides, which consists of a phosphate group that links the sugars of two nucleotides.

results in SUGAR PHOSPHATE BACKBONE

65
Q

genomics

A

analyzing large sets of genes and even comparing whole genes of different species

66
Q

proteomics

A

Similar to genomics, analysis of large sets of proteins, including their sequences

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