Ch 4 - Organization and Regulation of Body Systems

Question 1

What do all connective tissues have in common?

Answer 1

1. Specialized cells (i.e. bone & blood)
2. Ground substance
3. Protein fibers

Question 2

What types of protein fibers are in connective tissue?

Answer 2

1. Collagen > flexibility & strength
2. Reticular fibers > thin collagen fibers; highly branched, forming supporting networks
3. Elastic fibers > contain elastin (not as strong as collagen, but more elastic)

Question 3

What is the matrix in connective tissue?

Answer 3

Includes ground substance and fibers

Question 4

What are the three main types of connective tissue?

Answer 4

1. Fibrous = loose, dense
2. Supportive = cartilage, bone
3. Fluid = blood, lymph

Question 5

What is loose fibrous connective tissue?

Answer 5

Tissue that allows organs to expand, for example, the lungs and bladder. Another example = adipose tissue (fat storage).

Question 6

What is dense fibrous connective tissue?

Answer 6

Contains densely packed collagen fibers, for example, tendons and ligaments

Question 7

What type of tissue does cartilage fall under? What are the 3 types of cartilage and examples of each?

Answer 7

Supportive connective tissue

1. Hyaline = nose, end of long bones (only fine collagen fibers)
2. Elastic = ears (more elastic fibers than collagen)
3. Fibrocartilage = vertebrae disks and cushions in knee joints (strong collagen fibers)

Question 8

What type of tissue does bone fall under? What are the 2 types of bone and give examples of each?

Answer 8

Supportive connective tissue

1. Compact = shaft of long bones
2. Spongy = ends of long bone and surrounds bone marrow cavity

Question 9

What are the two types of fluid connective tissue?

Answer 9

1. Blood = red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

2. Lymph = lymph + white blood cells (also absorb fat molecules in the small intestine to transport to blood vessels)

Question 10

What are platelets?

Answer 10

Fragments of giant cells present only in bone marrow that assist with the clotting process

Question 11

What are the 4 types of tissues?

Answer 11

1. Connective
2. Nervous
3. Muscular
4. Epithelial

Question 12

What are the 3 types of muscular tissue? Which are striated and which aren’t?

Answer 12

1. Skeletal muscle = muscle attached to skeleton, associated w/ voluntary movement. Striated (striped)
2. Smooth muscle = involuntary movement associated with bodily processes and movement of substances in things like blood vessels and the digestive tract. Non-striated.
3. Cardiac muscle = involuntary movement to pump blood through heart. Striated

Question 13

What does nervous tissue consist of?

Answer 13

Nerve cells (called neurons) and neuroglia, which are the cells that support and nourish the neurons.

Question 14

What are the 3 parts of a nueron?

Answer 14

1. Cell body
2. Dendrites
3. Axon

Question 15

How do signals travel through the body?

Answer 15

From sensory receptors –> Spine –> Brain. Or the other way around: Brain –> Spine –> Sensory receptors

Question 16

What is the role of epithelial tissue?

Answer 16

Protection. Can also be modified to carry out secretion, absorption, excretion and filtration.

Question 17

What is the basement membrane?

Answer 17

A thin layer of various types of carbohydrates and proteins that anchor the epithelium to the underlying connective tissue

Question 18

What type of epithelial tissue does the digestive tract contain?

Answer 18

Simple columnar to absorb nutrients

Question 19

What type of epithelial tissue do the kidney and various glands contain?

Answer 19

Simple cuboidal to absorb molecules

Question 20

What type of epithelial tissue do the lining of the lungs and blood vessels contain?

Answer 20

Simple squamous to protect and exchange substances (i.e. in lungs, O2 and CO2 are exchanged. In blood, nutrient-waste exchange occurs)

Question 21

What type of epithelial tissue does the trachea (windpipe) contain?

Answer 21

Pseudostratified, ciliated columnar to sweep impurities toward throat

Question 22

What type of epithelial tissue do the nose, mouth, esophagus, anal canal and vagina contain?

Answer 22

Stratified squamous to protect (several layers of epithelial cells defines “stratified”)

Question 23

What type of epithelial tissue do glands contain? What are the types of glands?

Answer 23

Columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelium cells. There are exocrine glands (i.e. sweat and salivary glands) that secrete substances externally. There are also endocrine glands (i.e. pituitary and thyroid gland) that secrete substances internally (in this case, they excrete hormones into the blood stream)

Question 24

How many tissue types does skin have, and what is its more scientific name?

Answer 24

It has all four. It’s called the integumentary system

Question 25

What are the 3 layers that skin is composed of?

Answer 25

1. The top, epidermis layer 2. The middle, dermis layer 3. The bottom, hypodermis layer (technically not part of the skin)

Question 26

What is located in the epidermis layer?

Answer 26

1. Stratified squamous epithelial cells 2. Langerhans cells = macrophages, or white blood cells that phagocytize pathogens 3. Melanin (produced from melanocytes) 4. Cholesterol that gets converted to vitamin d3 5. Hair follicles extend to epidermis, starting in dermis

Question 27

What is located in the dermis layer?

Answer 27

1. Sensory receptors 2. Capillaries 3. Oil glands 4. Arrector pili muscle (goose bumps) - attach to hair follicles 5. Nerve endings 6. Hair follicles 7. Hair roots 8. Sweat glands 9. Arteries 10. Veins 11. Nerves

Question 28

What is located in the subcutaneous (hypodermis) layer?

Answer 28

1. Adipose tissue

Question 29

Why are oil secretions important for our health?

Answer 29

They're acidic and delay the growth of bacteria

Question 30

What are the two main body cavities, and what is included in each?

Answer 30

1. Ventral cavity = thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity 2. Dorsal cavity = cranial cavity (brain), vertebral cavity (spinal chord)

Question 31

What is the mucous membrane?

Answer 31

A membrane that lines the tubes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems. Contains specialized cells that secrete mucus

Question 32

What is the serous membrane?

Answer 32

A membrane that lines and supports the lungs, heart, abdominal cavity and its internal organs

Question 33

What are synovial membranes?

Answer 33

Composed of only loose connective tissue that line the cavities of freely movable joints. Secrete a fluid that lubricates the ends of bones (joints).

Question 34

What is negative feedback? Provide an example.

Answer 34

A sensor detects a change in the internal environment. The control center then brings about an effect to bring conditions back to normal. For example, regulation of body temperature.

Question 35

What is positive feedback? Provide an example.

Answer 35

A mechanism that brings about an increasing change in the same direction. For example, as labor continues, the cervix is increasingly stimulated, and uterine contractions become stronger until birth occurs. With positive feedback, there is always a definite cutoff point.