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cell bio Q2 > Ch. 4 pt 1 > Flashcards

Ch. 4 pt 1 Flashcards

slides 1-15

1
Q

DNA is formed by ____ (the building blocks)

A

deoxyribonucleotides

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2
Q

structure of a single strand of DNA

A

-linear sequence of nucleotides

-alternating sugar-phosphate backbone

  • 5’–> 3’ polarity
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3
Q

the strands in a DNA molecule are held together by…

A

H bonding between complementary base pairs

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4
Q

the 4 deoxyribonucleotides are

A

A, G, C and T

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5
Q

what is a base?

A

a nitrogen containing ring compound

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6
Q

bases can be ___ or ___

A

pyrimidines: single rings
purines: double rings

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7
Q

pentose sugar:

A

5 carbon sugar

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8
Q

two kinds of pentoses:

A

containing OH: ribose –> RNA

containing only H: deoxyribose –> DNA

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9
Q

___ + ___ = nucleoside

A

base + sugar

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10
Q

____ + ____ + ____ = nucleotide

A

base + sugar + phosphate

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11
Q

how many phosphates can be added to the 5’ carbon of the nucleotide?

A

1-3 phosphates

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12
Q

the phosphate added to a nucleotide makes it…

A

negatively charged

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13
Q

base: adenine
nucleoside: ?

A

adenosine

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14
Q

base: guanine
nucleoside: ?

A

guanosine

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15
Q

base: cytosine
nucleoside: ?

A

cytidine

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16
Q

base: uracil
nucleoside: ?

A

uridine

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17
Q

base: thymine
nucleoside: ?

A

thymidine

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18
Q

AMP =

A

adenosine monophosphate

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19
Q

dAMP =

A

deoxyadenosime monophosphate

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20
Q

UDP =

A

uridine diphosphate

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21
Q

ATP =

A

adenosine triphosphate

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22
Q

nucleotides are ___ linked to form a single strand of DNA in a ______ polarity

A

covalently; 5’ to 3’

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23
Q

G-C: ___ due to more H bonds

A-T: ___ due to less H bonds

A

stronger

weaker

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24
Q

two components needed for DNA to provide a mechanism for heredity?

A
  1. has to code for info in order for the cell to have instructions
  2. info has to be transmittable to the next generation
25
Q

how is info transmittable to the next generation?

A

strand separates and one serves as the template stand. complimentary base pairing occurs with the template strand to make the new strand. it forms 2 identical double helixes.

26
Q

flow of info from DNA to make proteins

A

DNA to RNA to proteins

27
Q

in ___, DNA is enclosed in a cell nucleus

A

eukaryotes

28
Q

cDNA stands for

A

chromosomal DNA

29
Q

why does cDNA need to be packed into the chromatin fibers?

A

it is extremely long and needs to be packaged in the nucleus.

difficulty: if it is packed too tightly, transcription factors and DNA polymerase cannot access the genes for transcription

30
Q

chromosome can be seen as a _______ while chromatin can be seen as a ______.

A

chromosome: structural unit

chromatin: chemical complex

31
Q

chromosome:

A

structure composed of a very long DNA molecule and associated proteins that carries part or all of the hereditary information of an organism

32
Q

chromatin:

A

complex of DNA, histones, and non-histone proteins found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. The material of which chromosomes are made.

33
Q

genome

A

refers to all the genetic info or all the DNA in the cell

34
Q

when can chromosomes be distinguished from each other by staining which produces a reproducible pattern of bands?

A

early mitosis

35
Q

karyotype

A

display of the full set of chromosomes of a cell, arranged with respect to size, shape, and number

36
Q

how does karyotype work?

A

probes interact with specific genes to mark them with a specific color

37
Q

the haploid number of chromosomes in humans is

A

23 (n=23)

38
Q

haploid

A

condition in which cells contain one set of chromosomes (n)

39
Q

diploid

A

condition in which cells contain two sets of chromosomes (2n)

40
Q

gamete

A

a haploid reproductive cell, sperm cells and ova

41
Q

somatic cell

A

any cell other than a sperm or egg cell (diploid in most animals)

42
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

a pair of chromosomes of the same kind located in a diploid cell. One homolog is inherited from each parent.

43
Q

autosome

A

homologous chromosomes that carry the same genetic loci, they have the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern

there are 22 autosome pairs and 1 sex chromosome pair

44
Q

sex chromosome

A

dissimilar chromosomes that determine an individual’s sex. Carry different loci but still pair during prophase of meiosis 1

45
Q

gene

A

region of DNA that is transcribed as a single unit and carries information for a discrete hereditary characteristic, usually corresponding to:
 A protein
 A single RNA

46
Q

exon

A

segments of eukaryotic gene that consist of a sequence of nucleotides that will be represented in mRNA or in a final transfer, ribosomal, or other mature RNA molecules. In protein coding genes, exons encode the amino acids in the protein.

47
Q

do only protein coding genes have exons?

A

no, other RANs can have it as well

48
Q

introns

A

noncoding regions that are transcribed but are excised by RNA splicing since they do not carry the coding sequence.

49
Q

there is some correlation between the complexity of an organism and the number of genes in the genome BUT

A

the differences in the size of the genome is enormous (emphasis on the noncoding genes)).

50
Q

Differences in the amount of _______, far more than differences in numbers of genes, account for the astonishing variations in genome size that we see when we compare one species with another

A

noncoding DNA

51
Q

human genome has ____ nucleotide bp

A

3.1 x 10^9

52
Q

human genome has ____bp of mitochondrial DNA

A

16,569

53
Q

protein coding genes (cDNA) make up ___% of the genome

A

1

54
Q

how many protein coding genes (cDNA) in the human genome?

A

about 20,000

55
Q

how many noncoding genes (ncRNA) in the human genome?

A

about 5,000

56
Q

pseudogenes

A

look like that have to be genes, but they are nonfunctional

57
Q

median exon size is ___ bp

A

131 bp
(the amount of coding info is even smaller than this)

58
Q

median intron size is ___ bp

A

1,747 bp

cell bio Q2 (6 decks)

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