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cell bio Q2 > Ch. 4 pt 1 > Flashcards

Ch. 4 pt 1 Flashcards

slides 1-15 (58 cards)

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1
Q

DNA is formed by ____ (the building blocks)

A

deoxyribonucleotides

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2
Q

structure of a single strand of DNA

A

-linear sequence of nucleotides

-alternating sugar-phosphate backbone

  • 5’–> 3’ polarity
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3
Q

the strands in a DNA molecule are held together by…

A

H bonding between complementary base pairs

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4
Q

the 4 deoxyribonucleotides are

A

A, G, C and T

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5
Q

what is a base?

A

a nitrogen containing ring compound

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6
Q

bases can be ___ or ___

A

pyrimidines: single rings
purines: double rings

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7
Q

pentose sugar:

A

5 carbon sugar

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8
Q

two kinds of pentoses:

A

containing OH: ribose –> RNA

containing only H: deoxyribose –> DNA

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9
Q

___ + ___ = nucleoside

A

base + sugar

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10
Q

____ + ____ + ____ = nucleotide

A

base + sugar + phosphate

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11
Q

how many phosphates can be added to the 5’ carbon of the nucleotide?

A

1-3 phosphates

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12
Q

the phosphate added to a nucleotide makes it…

A

negatively charged

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13
Q

base: adenine
nucleoside: ?

A

adenosine

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14
Q

base: guanine
nucleoside: ?

A

guanosine

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15
Q

base: cytosine
nucleoside: ?

A

cytidine

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16
Q

base: uracil
nucleoside: ?

A

uridine

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17
Q

base: thymine
nucleoside: ?

A

thymidine

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18
Q

AMP =

A

adenosine monophosphate

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19
Q

dAMP =

A

deoxyadenosime monophosphate

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20
Q

UDP =

A

uridine diphosphate

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21
Q

ATP =

A

adenosine triphosphate

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22
Q

nucleotides are ___ linked to form a single strand of DNA in a ______ polarity

A

covalently; 5’ to 3’

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23
Q

G-C: ___ due to more H bonds

A-T: ___ due to less H bonds

A

stronger

weaker

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24
Q

two components needed for DNA to provide a mechanism for heredity?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. has to code for info in order for the cell to have instructions
  2. info has to be transmittable to the next generation
25
how is info transmittable to the next generation?
strand separates and one serves as the template stand. complimentary base pairing occurs with the template strand to make the new strand. it forms 2 identical double helixes.
26
flow of info from DNA to make proteins
DNA to RNA to proteins
27
in ___, DNA is enclosed in a cell nucleus
eukaryotes
28
cDNA stands for
chromosomal DNA
29
why does cDNA need to be packed into the chromatin fibers?
it is extremely long and needs to be packaged in the nucleus. difficulty: if it is packed too tightly, transcription factors and DNA polymerase cannot access the genes for transcription
30
chromosome can be seen as a _______ while chromatin can be seen as a ______.
chromosome: structural unit chromatin: chemical complex
31
chromosome:
structure composed of a very long DNA molecule and associated proteins that carries part or all of the hereditary information of an organism
32
chromatin:
complex of DNA, histones, and non-histone proteins found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. The material of which chromosomes are made.
33
genome
refers to all the genetic info or all the DNA in the cell
34
when can chromosomes be distinguished from each other by staining which produces a reproducible pattern of bands?
early mitosis
35
karyotype
display of the full set of chromosomes of a cell, arranged with respect to size, shape, and number
36
how does karyotype work?
probes interact with specific genes to mark them with a specific color
37
the haploid number of chromosomes in humans is
23 (n=23)
38
haploid
condition in which cells contain one set of chromosomes (n)
39
diploid
condition in which cells contain two sets of chromosomes (2n)
40
gamete
a haploid reproductive cell, sperm cells and ova
41
somatic cell
any cell other than a sperm or egg cell (diploid in most animals)
42
homologous chromosomes
a pair of chromosomes of the same kind located in a diploid cell. One homolog is inherited from each parent.
43
autosome
homologous chromosomes that carry the same genetic loci, they have the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern there are 22 autosome pairs and 1 sex chromosome pair
44
sex chromosome
dissimilar chromosomes that determine an individual’s sex. Carry different loci but still pair during prophase of meiosis 1
45
gene
region of DNA that is transcribed as a single unit and carries information for a discrete hereditary characteristic, usually corresponding to:  A protein  A single RNA
46
exon
segments of eukaryotic gene that consist of a sequence of nucleotides that will be represented in mRNA or in a final transfer, ribosomal, or other mature RNA molecules. In protein coding genes, exons encode the amino acids in the protein.
47
do only protein coding genes have exons?
no, other RANs can have it as well
48
introns
noncoding regions that are transcribed but are excised by RNA splicing since they do not carry the coding sequence.
49
there is some correlation between the complexity of an organism and the number of genes in the genome BUT
the differences in the size of the genome is enormous (emphasis on the noncoding genes)).
50
Differences in the amount of _______, far more than differences in numbers of genes, account for the astonishing variations in genome size that we see when we compare one species with another
noncoding DNA
51
human genome has ____ nucleotide bp
3.1 x 10^9
52
human genome has ____bp of mitochondrial DNA
16,569
53
protein coding genes (cDNA) make up ___% of the genome
1
54
how many protein coding genes (cDNA) in the human genome?
about 20,000
55
how many noncoding genes (ncRNA) in the human genome?
about 5,000
56
pseudogenes
look like that have to be genes, but they are nonfunctional
57
median exon size is ___ bp
131 bp (the amount of coding info is even smaller than this)
58
median intron size is ___ bp
1,747 bp

cell bio Q2 (6 decks)

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