Ch. 4 Terms Flashcards
1
Q
Legalism
A
- political system under Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE)
- emphasis on rules and laws with strict punishments and rewards
- stemmed from a negative view of human nature
- founder is Han Fei
- In China after the Warring States Period
2
Q
Confucianism
A
- founder is Confucius (551-479 BCE)
- Confucius believed that to restore the old harmony in China, there must be a good moral example of rulers
- education and ritual are emphasized
- relationships between superior and inferior
- patriarchal
- nobility of heart and personal improvement are valued
- In China
3
Q
Daoism
A
- founder is Laozi
- book is Tao te Ching
- Chinese philosophy of withdrawal from the world, contemplation of nature, simple living, and an end to striving
- emphasized internal reflection over external order
4
Q
Laozi
A
- founder of Daoism
- Daodejing is a poetic volume describing his philosophy
- vanished into the wilderness
- taught the “Dao”, meaning “The Way”
5
Q
Buddhism
A
- religion in India
- no dieties
- founder is Siddhartha Gautama, who became enlightened after reflection on what causes suffering and how to overcome it
- 500 BCE
- goal is to achieve nirvana
- 4 noble truths and the eightfold path
6
Q
Theravada
A
- the first form of Buddhism in which the Buddha is seen as an enlightened teacher rather than a diety
- personal effort is emphasized over beliefs and religiousness
7
Q
Mahayana
A
- a newer form of Buddhism that teaches that the Buddha is divine and is a god
- religion of salvation and merit
- started at the beginning of the common era
8
Q
Siddhartha Gautama
A
- founder of Buddhism
- grew up wealthy, and then decided to meditate on suffering and its cause
- became enlightened and taught others about how to escape all suffering and reach nirvana
- 566-486 BCE
9
Q
Hinduism
A
- a religion that was made up of various independent religions in India
- oldest major world religion
- many dieties, polytheistic, creator is Brahman
- began between 2300-1500 in the Indus valley
- has no founder
- the Vedas is the book
- supported the caste system with the ideas of karma, samsara, and dharma
10
Q
Vedas
A
- religious texts describing the formative centuries of India
- organized Hindu religion
- has four parts and describes the Hindu religion and caste system
11
Q
Upanishads
A
- began as commentary on the Vedas before becoming their own religious texts
- written 800-400 BCE
- philosophical writing stemming from dissatisfaction with Brahmins
- explain reason for sacrifices, Atman (soul), and the origins of the universe with Brahman
12
Q
Bhagavad Gita
A
- Hindu story that is part of the epic Mahabharata
- story of warrior Arjuna and the god Krishnu telling him that to reach moksha, he must fulfill his dharma (duty) as a warrior
- response to Buddhism’s inclusivity, provides incentive for doing your duty
13
Q
Zoroastrianism
A
- founder: Zarathustra, a Persian prophet in 6th or 7th century BCE
- monotheistic religion supported by the Archaemenid Dynasty
- Ahura Mazda is god and source of light, truth, and goodness
- good vs. evil, free will, and final savior
- influenced Judaism
14
Q
Judaism
A
- founder: Abraham
- basis of Christianity and Islam
- based upon sacred covenant with YHWH in which the Jews were loyal to God and He would consider them His chosen people
- YHWH is present in the human world, and is also an image of complete goodness
- religion of salvation (messianic savior)
15
Q
Jesus of Nazareth
A
- founder of Christianity
- savior and son of God
- challenged conventional values, performed miracles, and defended the poor and marginalized
- crucified because his teachings threatened authorities
