Ch 4 - Tissues Flashcards
(67 cards)
1
Q
Any grouping of cells that are similar in structure and carry out a similar or common function
A
Tissue
2
Q
Four primary types of tissue
A
- Nervous tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
3
Q
Types of nervous tissue
A
- Neurons
- Supporting cells
4
Q
Types of muscle tissue
A
- Skeletal Muscle (voluntary with striations)
- Cardiac Muscle (involuntary with striations)
- Smooth Muscle (involuntary w/o striations)
5
Q
Where is smooth muscle found?
A
In walls of hollow organs to move substances within/through
6
Q
Function of Epithelial tissue
A
Boundary-forming, transport of molecules/nutrients into/out of organs
7
Q
Exposed side of epithelial tissue is called
A
Apical Surface - faces lumen or outside of body
8
Q
Apical surface may have: (2)
A
1) microvilli
2) cilia
9
Q
Unexposed side of epithelial tissue
A
Basal surface
10
Q
Membrane deeper than basal surface
A
Basement membrane
11
Q
Part of the basement membrane that filters what can/cannot enter the epithelium
A
Basal Lamina
12
Q
Deepest layer of the basement membrane that contains fibers belonging to connective tissue
A
Reticular Lamina
13
Q
Epithelial cells are joined together by: (2)
A
Tight junctions and/or desmosomes
14
Q
Is Epithelial tissue Vascular or Avascular?
(yes or no blood supply)
A
Epithelial tissue is Avascular
No blood supply, needs to recieve nourishment by diffusion
15
Q
Is Epithelial tissue Innervated or Enervated
(yes or no nerve fibers)
A
Epithelial tissue is Innervated
Supplied with nerve fibers
16
Q
Epithelial classification
Single layer epithelia
A
Simple epithelia
17
Q
Epithelial classification
2+ layer epithelia
A
Stratified epithelia
18
Q
Epithelial classification
Flat, squashed cells
A
Squamous cells
19
Q
Epithelial classification
Even, cube-shaped cells
A
Cuboidal cells
20
Q
Epithelial classification
Long, tall, thin cells
A
Columnar cells
21
Q
Epithelial classification practice
Multiple layers of flat cells
A
Stratified squamous epithelial tissue
22
Q
Epithelial classification practice
One layer of tall cells
A
Simple columnar epithelial tissue
23
Q
Functions of Simple Squamous Epithelium
A
absorption, secretion, filtration
24
Q
Simple squamous epithelium of pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
A
Mesothelium
25
Simple squamous epithelium making up slick/slippery linings of vessels
Endothelium
| Ex. endothelium of blood vessels
26
Functions of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
absorption and secretion
| found in kidney tubules, ovary surface, some small glands
27
Functions of Simple Columnar Epithelium
Absorption and secretion; many have microvilli or cilia
| found: digestive tract, gallbladder, small bronchi, uterine tubes,uterus
28
# Epithelial classification
Single layer of long, tall cells BUT not all cells reach from bottom to top
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
| Looks like stratified columnar, but all cells touch basement membrane
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Functions of Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Secretion and Absorption; many have cilia
| *locations:* respiratory tract, male ducts, ducts of large glands
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How does stratified epithelia (re)generate
Bottom up
31
Most common stratified layer type
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Functions of Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Forms thick, protective barrier - apical cells may be dead, rubbed off
| location: lining of mouth, esophagus, anal canal, vagina; epidermis
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Functions of Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands
| Rare! Usually only 2 layers
34
Locations of Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Male urethra, part of pharynx, some ducts
| Rare! 2 layers, and only apical cells are columnar
35
Stratified epithelia with cuboidal/columnar cell shapes and various apical cell shapes
Transitional Epithelium
| mostly found in urinary organs
36
# Definition
One or more cells that produce and secrete a particular product called a secretion
Gland
37
# Definition
Liquid substance that uis produced by a body cell
Secretion - water base with protien and other substances
| manufactured from the blood supply
38
# Definition
Ductless gland that releases secretion directly into bloodstream
**Endo**crine Gland
39
Endocrine glands can make up (1) or (2)
| (systems)
1) Compact multicellular organs
2) diffuse endocrine systems
| Mostly multicellular organs
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What do Endocrine Glands secrete
Hormones
| secreted via exocytosis
41
# Definition
Glands that release onto a surface or into a cavity
Exocrine Gland
| Ex. Liver, pancreas, salivary glands, sweat glands, oil glands
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How does a unicellular exocrine gland release secretion
Exocytosis
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How does a multicellular exocrine gland release secretion
Duct
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# Definiton
Individual gland cells that are scattered through epithelia with other cells of different functions
Unicellular exocrine gland;
Ex. Goblet cells (digestive system) Mucous cells (respiratory system)
| both produce mucin (dissolves in water to create mucus)
45
Parts of the multicellular exocrine gland (2)
1) Acinus (acini) - secretory unit
2) Duct - "tube" formed by cells of epithelium
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Classification of multicellular exocrine glands: Duct structure
1) Simple (unbranched)
2) Compound (branched)
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Classification of multicellular exocrine glands: Acinus structure
1) Tubular (tube-like)
2) Alveolar (bulb-like)
3) Tubuloalveolar (both!)
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Classification of multicellular exocrine glands: Acinus structure
1) Tubular (tube-like)
2) Alveolar (bulb-like)
3) Tubuloalveolar (both!)
49
# Gland Classification
Secretion released via exocytosis from acini, cell remains unchanged when releasing secretion.
Merocrine gland
50
# Gland Classification
Secretion released as a result of cell rupture (but not total)
Holocrine gland
51
# Gland Classification
Secretion released as a result of total cell rupture and death
Apocrine gland
52
Most abundant and widespread of all tissues
Connective Tissue
53
What is the origin of all connective tissue?
Mesenchyme
| The mesenchyme is a embryonic tissue
54
The four classes of connective tissue
1) Connective tissue proper
2) Cartilage
3) Bone
4) Blood
55
Major functions of connective tissue
1) Support
2) Protection
3) Insulation
4) Storage
56
Basic components of all connective tissue
1) **Ground substance** - the substance that fills the space in and around cells/fibers
2) **Fibers** - supportive structure of connective tissue
3) **Cells** - living, active portion of the connective tissue
57
Ground substance of connective tissue is made up of: (3)
1) **Interstitial fluid (ISF):** allows nutrients to pass from blood to cells
2) **Cell adhesion protiens:** proteins acting like "glue" to hold living cells to ECM
3) **Proteoglycan:** proteins that give ground substance its consistency
58
Types of fibers in connective tissue
1) **Collagen fibers** (collagen) - assemble and cross-link with other collagen fibers spontaneously - resist pulling
2) **Elastic fibers** (elastin) - form branching networks, long thin - easily stretched and return to shape
3) **Reticular Fibers** - shorter and finer, extensively branched - work with collagen
59
What is Marfan Syndrome?
Genetic disorder that causes elastic fibers of connective tissue to lose flexibility and strength - elongated fingers/toes, aorta expands, lungs cannot stretch as far, lens in eye detaches.
| Caused by a mutation in the FBN1 gene which codes for fibrillin
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Types of Connective Tissue Proper:
1) Loose connective tissue
2) Dense connective tissue
3) Elastic connective tissue
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Types of Loose Connective Tissue:
| type of connective tissue proper
1) **Areolar connective tissue** (fibroblasts) - thick, found almost everywhere
2) **Adipose tissue** (adipocyte) - fat tissue; mostly storages for energy/nutrients
3) **Reticular connective tissue** - forms stroma to support free blood cells in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow
62
Types of Dense Connective Tissue:
1) **Dense *regular* connective tissue** (fibroblast) - Collagen fibers run in same direction, high reistance to tension
2) **Dense *irregular* connective tissue** - collagen fibers are thicker, irregular; can withstand tension in multiple directions
63
Is Cartilage Vascular or Avascular
| (yes or no blood supply)
Cartilage is Avascular
64
Is Cartilage Innervated or Enervated
| (yes or no nerve fibers)
Cartilage has no innervation
65
What are the primary cells of cartilage
Chondroblasts and Chondrocytes
66
Tyes of Cartilage
1) Hyaline Cartilage (stretchy but firm/strong)
2) Elastic Cartilage (stretchy)
3) Fibrocartilage (fibrous)
67
Types of Covering and Lining Membranes (3)
| Simple organs of the human body
1) **Cutaneous** (skin) - composed of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelia
2) **Mucous membranes** (mucosa) - lines any body cavity that leads into/out of body; wet; epithelial cells attached to lamina propria (areolar connective tissue)
3) **Serous membranes** (Serosa) - lines body cavities that are *closed* to the outside of the body
| remember serosa are named for cavity + what they cling to
## Footnote
Parietal/visceral pleura, parietal/visceral pericardium, parietal/visceral peritoneum
