Suspended in matrix, blood - scaffolding to hold tissues together - cells suspended in a secreted matrix => cell: fibroblast: CT proper => condrocytes: cartilage => osteocytes: bone Matrix: ground substance: polysaccharides => glycoproteins + water + salts => liquid solid i.e. blood bone fibers (proteins) - collagen: thick - elastin: elastic - reticulin: thin - loose connective tissue (elastic, under skin) - fibrous connective tissue - bone: can change shape - cartilage: helps give structure - fat: called adipose tissue (cells = adipocytes) (insulation, excess food storage)

contractile, heart - produces contractile force - skeletal, smooth, cardiac

amplify magnitude of stimulus response increases stimulus - blood clotting - contractions during labor

Ch. 40: Animal Body plans and Homeostasis Flashcards by Emily Foster

Animal form and function are correlated at

all levels of organization

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Feedback control maintains…

the internal environment in many animals

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Homeostatic processes for …

thermoregulation involve form, function, and behavior

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Energy requirements are related to…

animal size, activity, and environment

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Size and shape are constrained by

physical laws and the necessity of exchange with the environment
SA to V ratio has to be reasonable, dictates size of organism

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Hierarchical organization of body plans

Atoms
Macromolecules
Cell
Tissue: collection of “like”-cells that serve a common function
Organ: collection of 2 or more tissues that function to serve a common goal
Organ Systems: 2 or more Organs that work together to perform a common function
Organism: all organ systems working together (keep organism alive and reproduce)
Population: group of some species living in some area
Communities: all organisms in a shared area
Ecosystem: abiotic and biotic in a defined region/area
Biosphere: planet Earth

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11 organ systems in mammals

1) Circulatory
2) Respiratory
3) Excretory
4) Muscular
5) Skeletal
6) Nervous
7) Integumentary
8) Reproductive
9) Endocrine
10) Digestive
11) Immune

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4 tissue types

1) Epithelial Tissue
2) Connective Tissue
3) Muscular Tissue
4) Nervous Tissue

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Epithelial Tissue

covering, skin

covers free surfaces (anything exposed to a space)
i.e. skin, gastrointestinal system, blood vessels
tend to exhibit polarity (plasma membrane)

functions: protective, absorption, secretion, modified as sensory structures

Structures:

1) Membranes: skin = cutaneous membrane
2) Glands
- endocrine: ductless, recreate into blood (hormones)
- exocrine: ducts drain to apiral surface (sweat glands, true sweat, oily sweat)

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Connective Tissue

Suspended in matrix, blood
- scaffolding to hold tissues together

cells suspended in a secreted matrix
=> cell: fibroblast: CT proper
=> condrocytes: cartilage
=> osteocytes: bone

Matrix: ground substance: polysaccharides
=> glycoproteins + water + salts
=> liquid <=> solid
i.e. blood bone

fibers (proteins)

collagen: thick
elastin: elastic
reticulin: thin
loose connective tissue (elastic, under skin)
fibrous connective tissue
- bone: can change shape
- cartilage: helps give structure
- fat: called adipose tissue (cells = adipocytes) (insulation, excess food storage)

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Muscle Tissue

contractile, heart

produces contractile force
skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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Nervous Tissue

Neurons: conduct action potential
neuroglia
- communication among tissues and data 
- acquisition system: internal conditions and external conditions (environment)
- Glial cells: "glue" / scaffolding

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Homeostasis

maintain fairly stable internal conditions necessary for survival
- relates to 2nd law of thermo (entropy) because it function to maintain order

Walter Cannon, “The Wisdom of the Body” 1990
keeping cell as dis-equilibrium

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Negative Feedback

reduce magnitude of stimulus
stimulus elicits a response that oppose original stimulus

increase in blood sugar
insulin
glucagon

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Positive Feedback

amplify magnitude of stimulus
response increases stimulus

blood clotting
contractions during labor

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Ectothermy

source of heat from outside
can be either temperature regulators or temperature conformers
- fish
regulates behavior

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Endothermy

Study These Flashcards

generally generate heat internally
regulates temperature
-sea walrus

Bioenergetics

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energy flow and transformation at any biological level of org.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Study These Flashcards

endotherm: minimum rate

Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR)

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ectotherm: rate at temperature

Animal Size and Metabolic Rate

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Small = lower BMR
Large = higher BMR

(opposite for 1 kg or body mass)

Animal Size and Metabolic Rate

Study These Flashcards

Small = lower BMR
Large = higher BMR

(opposite for 1 kg or body mass)
(Small = higher BMR)
(Large = lower BMR)

Relate Fick’s law to the design of the intestinal epithelium, which is a smile columnar epithelium with a “brush border”
i.e. the apical surface of the cell membrane exhibits microvilli

Study These Flashcards

F = DA * (∆p/ ∆x)

1 layer
large-brick-shaped cells of simple columnar epithelia are often found where recreation or active absorption is important
lines intestines, digestive secretory juices, absorbing nutrients

Why would you expect to find a layer of connective tissue just underneath the stratified squamous keratinized epithelium of human skin?

Study These Flashcards

loose connective tissue to bind epithelia to underling tissues and holds organs in place
connective tissue: collagen, elastin, reticulin
mores elastin: help to connect muscle to epithelium

Why are the actions of insulin and glucagon considered to be homeostatic?

Homeostatic: refers to any process that living things use to maintain fairly stable internal conditions necessary for survival insulin: - glucose increase in body - pancreas secrete insulin - insulin increase tells liver to convert glucose to glucagon - insulin also stimulates glucose uptake by cells - blood-glucose level goes back to normal glucagon: - glucose decreases in body - pancreas secrete glucagon - liver breaks down glucagon to glucose - blood-glucose level rises back to normal

What is the principle difference between how the nervous system sends signals versus the endocrine system?

nervous system: sends signals through nerves/neurons/ impulses endocrine system: sends signals through hormones

Why can an ectotherm be either a temp regulator or a temp conformer?

- ectotherm: source of heat comes from outside - regulate behaviorally - i.e. bearded dragon moves from sun to shade - conformer: temperature changing with environment - cooler temps: move slower (physiologically)

A lizard receives heat from a nearby tree. what type of heat transfer is this?

IR radiation | - IR from objects in environment

Why do birds/humans "fluff" feathers/hair to keep warm?

F = DA * (∆p/ ∆x) where increase ∆x or length of hair/fur to keep warmer - diffusion will decrease with increase length - overall decreasing flow

Trace the energy flow from ingestion to dissipation in ground squirrel

Organic molecules in food ==> Digestion and Absorption (heat and energy lost in feces) ==> Nutrient molecules in body cells (energy lost in nitrogenous waste) ==> Cellular Respiration and Carbon Skeletons ==> CS => Biosynthesis ==> CR => ATP ==> ATP => Cellular work (heat) and Biosynthesis ==> Biosynthesis (heat and nutrient molecules in body cells)

Cellular Arrangement (layering) of epithelial tissue

1) simple: one cell layer 2) stratified: two or more layers 3) pseudo stratified: 1 cell layer that looks like 2 or more layers - in trachea, ciliated, secretory/absorptive to heat/water/moisture

Shape of epithelial tissue

1) Cuboidal: short diffusion path (i.e. kidney) 2) Columnar: (grow) simple, absorptive, small/large intestine = H2O; gut 3) Squamous: (laying down/ elongated) - skin (stratified squamous) - esophagus, oral cavity - also simple squamous found on lungs - need to get gases out quickly

Solar Radiation

light UV IR

IR radiation

IR from objects in environment

Convection

heat transfer via air or water currents

Conduction

direct (transfer) from environment

Condensation and Metabolism

also ways to input energy | Temp and Thermal Energy budgets

Chemical Energy Budget

Input: - food: amount, caloric density, assimilation efficiency Storage: - Somatic growth (get bigger => more so kids) - Reproductive (gametes, female) - Reserves (fat/adipose) Output: - Feces, urine - Work: moving yourself - metabolism: any energy requiring mechanism

Metabolism

sum total of all biological reactions in an organism

Anabolic

biosynthetic (requires E)

Catabolic

breakdown (releases E)

Countercurrent circulation / countercurrent exchange

pari artery and vine next to one another to transfer heat, P_O2, etc. in countercurrent circulation

Ch. 40: Animal Body plans and Homeostasis Flashcards

(42 cards)