Ch. 40 - Immune System

Question 1

What is a disease?

Answer 1

Any change other than injury that disrupts the normal functions of the body

Question 2

What are the three ways that diseases come about?

Answer 2

1) inherited (genes from a parents)
2) materials from the environment (for ex. cigarette smoke)
3) produced by agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi

Question 3

What is a pathogen?

Answer 3

A disease causing agent

Question 4

What is the germ theory of disease

Answer 4

That infectious diseases were caused by microorganisms or germs

Question 5

Which scientist helped to create the germ theory of disease?

Answer 5

Louis Pastuer (chemist) and Robert Koch (bacteriologist)

Question 6

Is Lyme disease caused by bacteria?

Answer 6

It is caused by bacteria that is found in near deer ticks and the disease is spread form deer tick bites

Question 7

What are scientists trying to identify when they use Koch’s postulates?

Answer 7

They are trying to identify the microorganisms that cause a certain disease

Question 8

What are the steps to an experiment that uses Koch’s postulates?

Answer 8

1) Pathogen identified
2) grown pathogen in a pure culture
3) inject pathogen into a healthy lab mouse
4) identify pathogen

Question 9

T/F? Are all bacteria and yeast harmful to the body?

Answer 9

False – some species are harmless or a actually beneficial for the body

Question 10

What are the two ways that bacteria can produce illness?

Answer 10

1) break down tissues in the body
2) release toxins in the body

Question 11

Athletes foot is cause by what pathogen?

Answer 11

fungus

Question 12

Anthrax is cause by what pathogen?

Answer 12

bacteria

Question 13

Tapeworm foot is cause by what pathogen?

Answer 13

worm

Question 14

Influenza is cause by what pathogen?

Answer 14

virus (the Flu)

Question 15

Malaria is cause by what pathogen?

Answer 15

protist

Question 16

What are the three ways that infectious diseases are spread?

Answer 16

1) direct contact with infected person through coughing, sneezing, or physical contact
2) contact with contaminated food or water
3) spread by infected animals

Question 17

Animals that carry pathogens from person to person is called a ____

Answer 17

vector

Question 18

What is an antibiotic?

Answer 18

compound that kills bacteria without harming the cells of humans or animals

Question 19

what is an antiviral drug?

Answer 19

compounds that are used to fight viruses and are ineffective against bacteria. They inhibit the ability of viruses to invade the cells and multiply once inside the cell

Question 20

What is the body’s main defense against pathogens?

Answer 20

The immune system

Question 21

What is nonspecific defense vs specific defense?

Answer 21

Non specific –> preventing pathogens form entering the body

specific –> destroying harmful pathogens that enter the body

Question 21

What is the body’s first line of defense?

Answer 21

Skin, mucus, sweat, and tears

Question 22

How does mucus protect the body from disease?

Answer 22

traps bacteria and viruses and pushes them out of the lungs

Question 23

what is lysozyme? where is it found?

Answer 23

enzyme that breaks down the cell walls of many types of bacteria; it is found in sweat, mucus, and tears

Question 24

what is an inflammatory response?

Answer 24

non-specific reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection

Question 25

What are phagocytes?

Answer 25

type of white blood cells that engulfs and kills bacteria

Question 26

What is a fever? Why does our body create fevers?

Answer 26

A fever is an elevated body temp. When an infection occurs, the body creates a fever because and elevated temperature slows down the growth of pathogens, increases heart rate so the blood can send out more white blood cells, and speeds the activity of white blood cells and other tissue repairing activities

Question 27

What is an interferon?

Answer 27

Protein produced by cells that inhibit the synthesis of viral proteins in infected cells and helps block the replication of viruses.

Question 28

What is the immune response?

Answer 28

If a specific pathogen passes the non-specific defenses, the body initiates a series of specific defenses that are known as the "immune response"

Question 29

What is an antigen?

Answer 29

A substance that triggers the immune response. For ex. bacteria, virus, pollen, and dust

Question 30

What are the two types of immune responses?

Answer 30

1. humoral immunity 2. cell-mediated immunity

Question 31

What is humoral immunity? What produces the immune response?

Answer 31

immunity against pathogens in the blood and lymph -- lymphocytes (B-cells) which produce antibodies

Question 32

What is an antibody?

Answer 32

Protein that is shaped like a 'Y' and it helps to destroy pathogen

Question 33

What type of antigen can antibodies destroy?

Answer 33

both bacteria and viruses

Question 34

What is a plasma cell?

Answer 34

A specific type of B-cell that creates the antibodies

Question 35

What type of cells regulate the activation of plasma cells?

Answer 35

T-lymphocytes or "T-cells"

Question 36

Does cell-mediated immunity produce antibodies?

Answer 36

No

Question 37

How are humoral and cell-mediated immunity different?

Answer 37

1. humoral immunity creates antibodies whereas cell-mediated immunity causes pathogen cells to rupture and die 2. humoral immunity is regulated by B-cells whereas cell-mediated immunity is regulated by T-cells which attack the pathogenic cells directly (instead of using antibodies)

Question 38

Cell-mediated immunity is particularly important for what type of diseases?

Answer 38

Those caused by eukaryotic pathogens

Question 39

What is a vaccination?

Answer 39

a weakened form of a pathogen that is injected into the bloodstream to trigger a small immune response so that your body forms antibodies that will remember how to attack that pathogen in the future if you get infected

Question 40

What are the two types of immunity?

Answer 40

1. active immunity -- lasts for long time or a life-time, is caused by being exposed to the antigens (for ex. if you get the chicken pox vaccine, you are protected from getting chicken pox most likely) 2. passive immunity -- lasts for a short time and can be due to antibiotics (protected against a pathogen for a short period of time)

Question 41

What are allergies?

Answer 41

an over-reaction by your immune system to an antigen that is NOT harmful

Question 42

An allergic response is caused by what type of cell binding to the antigen?

Answer 42

mast cell

Question 43

What happens when an antigen binds to the mast cell?

Answer 43

the cell releases a compound called histamines

Question 44

What is the effect of histamines on the body?

Answer 44

1. increases blood and fluid to the area 2. produces runny nose, runny eyes

Question 45

What medication is given to someone with allergies?

Answer 45

anti-histamine, which is a drug that stops the release of histamines so that the patient no longer has allergy symptoms

Question 46

What is asthma?

Answer 46

when the muscles in the lungs constrict and cause a restriction of airflow through the passages

Question 47

How are asthma and allergies related?

Answer 47

Some types of allergic reactions cause asthma or asthma related attacks where the throat begins to close up in response to being exposed to the antigen

Question 48

What is autoimmune disease?

Answer 48

When the body thinks its own cell is harmful and begins to attack its own cells with the immune response

Question 49

In rheumatoid arthritis, which cells/organ in the body is attacked?

Answer 49

cells of the heart lining and valves

Question 50

In Type 1 diabetes, which cells/organ in the body is attacked?

Answer 50

insulin producing cells of pancreas

Question 51

In Myasthenia gravis, which cells/organ in the body is attacked?

Answer 51

neuromuscular junctions (space between muscle and nerve cells)

Question 52

In multiple sclerosis, which cells/organ in the body is attacked?

Answer 52

nerve fibers

Question 53

What does AIDS stand for?

Answer 53

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Question 54

What are the symptoms of AIDS?

Answer 54

the symptoms are the formation of diseases that your immune system would normally try to handle for ex. lung infection, fungal infections, and cancer

Question 55

What is the connection between HIV and AIDS?

Answer 55

when HIV (which is a virus) is uncontrolled (meaning the person does not take the correct medications to control the disease or if the disease is serious that treatment cannot keep it under control) then HIV turns into AIDS.