Ch 47

Question 1

heterotrophs

Answer 1

heterotrophs get their nutrients by eating other things, they are organisms that obtain nourishment from the organic molecules manufactured by other organisms

Question 2

autotrophs

Answer 2

self-nutrients

Question 3

What are nutrients used for?

Answer 3

Nutrients are used to: run the systems of the body, make compounds for metabolic processes, and grow and repair tissue

Question 4

What are the four steps of food processing in order?

Answer 4

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

Question 5

ingestion

Answer 5

the taking of food into the digestive cavity

Question 6

digestion

Answer 6

the process of breaking down food mechanically and chemically

Question 7

absorption

Answer 7

nutrients pass through the lining of the digestive tract and into the blood

Question 8

egestion/elimination

Answer 8

food that is not digested and absorbed is discharged from the body

Question 9

How is food processed in simple invertebrate digestive systems?

Answer 9

in simple invertebrates such as cnidarians or flatworms the food is digested in the gastrovascular cavity and the gastrovascular cavity then serves as bout the mouth and anus

Question 10

How is food processed in more complex invertebrates?

Answer 10

the digestive tract is a complete tube with an opening at each end, the digestion takes place as food passes through the tube

Question 11

What is the sequence in order of body parts that food passes through?

Answer 11

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus

Question 12

bolus

Answer 12

?

Question 13

motility

Answer 13

the mixing and propulsive movements of the digestive tract

Question 14

What do the epiglottis and glottis do when swallowing?

Answer 14

they close of the passageway to the lungs to prevent choking

Question 15

What are the two types of digestion? Give an example of each.

Answer 15

mechanical: mammalian teeth including incisors for biting, canines for tearing, and premolars and molars for crushing and grinding, chemical: three pairs of salivary glands secrete saliva

Question 16

What do incisors do? Canines? Premolars/molars?

Answer 16

incisors are for biting, canines are for tearing, and premolars/molars are for crushing and grinding

Question 17

What happens in the stomach?

Answer 17

food is mechanically digested, proteins are enzymatically digested by pepsin, gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen

Question 18

rugae

Answer 18

stomach folds that expand with food, receptor stretchers

Question 19

pepsin vs pepsinogen

Answer 19

?

Question 20

What does HCl activate?

Answer 20

pepsin

Question 21

chyme

Answer 21

?

Question 22

What does the pancreas do?

Answer 22

releases enzymes that digest protein, lipid, and carbohydrates, as well as RNA and DNA

Question 23

What does the large intestine do?

Answer 23

eliminates undigested waste and incubates bacteria that produce Vitamin K and certain B vitamins

Question 24

What does the liver do?

Answer 24

it produces bile which emulsifies fats (oils), bile is not an enzyme which makes it permeable to water

Question 25

How are nutrients absorbed in the body?

Answer 25

nutrients are absorbed through the thin walls of the intestinal epithelium, the hepatic portal vein transports amino acids and glucose to the liver (cirrhosis, detoxification)

Question 26

What are some structural adaptations that increase the surface of the digestive tract?

Answer 26

the surface area of the small intestine is greatly expanded by folds in its walls, intestinal villi, and intestinal microvilli, our gut isn't smooth, there are folds which increase the chances of absorption

Question 27

What are lipids used as?

Answer 27

an energy source (fat burned components of cell), and to synthesize steroid hormones and other lipid substances

Question 28

carbohydrates

Answer 28

most carbohydrates are ingested in the form of complex carbohydrates, fiber is a mixture of cellulose and other indigestible carbohydrates, carbohydrates are used mainly as an energy source

Question 29

proteins

Answer 29

serve as enzymes, are essential structural components of cells, the best distribution of essential amino acids is found in the complex proteins of animal foods, they can be broken down for energy

Question 30

vitamins

Answer 30

organic compounds required in small amounts for many biochemical processes, many serve as components of coenzymes

Question 31

minerals

Answer 31

minerals are inorganic nutrients ingested as salts dissolved in food and water, trace elements are minerals required in amounts less than 100mg per day, not a complex compound

Question 32

What nutrients are required by our bodies to live?

Answer 32

lipids, carbs, proteins, vitamins, minerals

Question 33

nutrition

Answer 33

the process of taking in and using food

Question 34

what does malnutrition result from?

Answer 34

malnutrition results from dietary intake that is either below or above the required need (either too much or too little), undernutrition and obesity

Question 35

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 35

the body's cost of metabolic living, breaking down food

Question 36

total metabolic rate

Answer 36

BMR plus the energy used to carry on daily activities, some people have higher rates

Question 37

energy input and output

Answer 37

when energy (kilocalories) input equals energy output, body weight remains constant, when energy input exceeds energy output, body weight increases, when energy output exceeds energy input, body weight decreases

Question 38

mutant Ob gene

Answer 38

scientists mutated the Ob gene, aka leptin gene, in mice, they discovered that leptin tells a living creature when it should stop eating and when it's full so when it was broken the mice ate and ate and became obese, when the scientists inject leptin back into the mice they stopped eating as much and didn't get as fat, scientists also believe the neuropeptite Y (NPY) is the neurotransmitter involved in this