ch 5

Question 1

fear

Answer 1

state of immediate alarm , physiological & emotional response to serious threat

Question 2

anxiety

Answer 2

physiological & emotional response to vague sense of threat/danger

Question 3

generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 3

disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events/activites

Question 4

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Answer 4

overrun by recurrent thoughts that cause anxiety or by the need to perform certain repetitive actions to reduce anxiety

Question 5

Agoraphobia

Answer 5

fear of traveling to public places and being in public transport, parking lots/bridges, shops/theatres/confined places, Lines/crowds, unaccompanied

Question 6

benzodiazepines

Answer 6

most common group of antianxiety drugs (valium and Xanax)

Question 7

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Answer 7

a neurotransmitter whose low activity in the brain’s fear circuit has been linked to anxiety

Question 8

sedative-hypnotic drugs

Answer 8

drugs that calm at low dose and sleep at high dose

Question 9

phobia

Answer 9

persistent and unreasonable fears of particular objects, activities, or situations

Question 10

specific phobia

Answer 10

marked/known, persistent, disproportionate to normal reaction; usually lasting 6 months at least; exposure produces immediate fear, leads to avoidance; significant distress or impairment

Question 11

classical conditioning

Answer 11

a process of learning in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become tied together in a person’s mind so produce the same response

Question 12

modeling

Answer 12

a process of learning in which a person observes and then imitates others.

Question 13

preparedness

Answer 13

a predisposition to develop certain fears

Question 14

social anxiety disorder

Answer 14

a severe and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur

Question 15

panic attacks

Answer 15

periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within minutes, and gradually pass

Question 16

panic disorder

Answer 16

an anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks

Question 17

locus coeruleus

Answer 17

a small area of the brain that seems to be active in the regulation of emotions, many of its neurons use norepinephrine

Question 18

anxiety sensitivity

Answer 18

a tendency to focus on one’s bodily sensations, assess them illogically and interpret them as harmful

Question 19

obsession

Answer 19

A persistent thought, idea, impulse, or image that is experienced repeatedly, feels intrusive and causes anxiety

Question 20

compulsion

Answer 20

a repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that a person feels driven to perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety

Question 21

ocd

Answer 21

a disorder in which a person has recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both

Question 22

neutralizing

Answer 22

a person’s attempt to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that put matters right internally, making up for the unacceptable thoughts.

Question 23

hoarding disorder

Answer 23

a disorder in which individuals feel compelled to save items and become very distressed if they try to discard them, resulting in an excessive accumulation of items

Question 24

trichotillomania

Answer 24

a disorder in which people repeatedly pull-out hair from their scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, or other body parts

Question 25

excoriation disorder

Answer 25

a disorder in which people repeatedly pick at their skin, resulting in significant sores or wounds

Question 26

body dysmorphic disorder

Answer 26

a disorder in which individuals become preoccupied with the belief that they have certain defects or flaws in their physical appearance

Question 27

GAD diagnostic criteria

Answer 27

A. Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation), occurring more days than not for at least 6 months, about a number of events or activities (such as work or school performance). B. The individual finds it difficult to control the worry. C. The anxiety and worry are associated with three (or more) of the following six symptoms (with at least some symptoms having been present for more days than not for the past 6 months): Note: Only one item is required in children. 1. Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge. 2. Being easily fatigued. 3. Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank. 4. Irritability. 5. Muscle tension. 6. Sleep disturbance (difficulty falling or staying asleep, or restless, unsatisfying sleep). D. The anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

Question 28

GAD sociocultural explanations, therapies

Answer 28

most likely developed in people who face ongoing dangerous societal conditions

Question 29

GAD psychodynamic explanations, therapies

Answer 29

early developmental experiences can produce unusually high levels of anxiety, free association

Question 30

GAD humanistic explanations, therapies

Answer 30

arise when people stop looking at themselves honest and acceptingly (repeated denial), client-centered therapy

Question 31

GAD CB explanations, therapies

Answer 31

problematic behaviors and dysfunctional ways of thinking, modify views about worrying and change behavioral reactions

Question 32

GAD bio explanations, therapies

Answer 32

family pedigree/inheritance, medications

Question 33

Phobias diagnostic criteria

Answer 33

A. Marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation (e.g., flying, heights, animals, receiving an injection, seeing blood). Note: In children, the fear or anxiety may be expressed by crying, tantrums, freezing, or clinging. B. The phobic object or situation almost always provokes immediate fear or anxiety. C. The phobic objector situation is actively avoided or endured with intense fear or anxiety. D. The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the specific object or situation and to the sociocultural context. The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, typically lasting for 6 months or more. F. The fear, anxiety, or avoidance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. G. The disturbance is not better explained by the symptoms of another mental disorder, including fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations associated with panic-like symptoms or other incapacitating symptoms (as in agoraphobia); objects or situations related to obsessions (as in obsessive-compulsive disorder); reminders of traumatic events (as in posttraumatic stress disorder);separation from home or attachment figures (as in separation anxiety disorder); or social situations (as in social anxiety disorder)

Question 34

ph cb explanations

Answer 34

fears can be acquired through conditioning

Question 35

ph bio explanations

Answer 35

fears can be attributed to predisposition

Question 36

ph treatments

Answer 36

exposure therapy, systematic desensitization

Question 37

SAD diagnostic criteria

Answer 37

Pronounced, disproportionate, and repeated anxiety about social situations in which the individual could be exposed to possible scrutiny by others, typically lasting 6 months or more Fear or being negatively evaluated by or offensive to others Exposure to the social situation almost always produces anxiety Avoidance of feared situations Significant distress or impairment

Question 38

SAD cb explanations and treatments

Answer 38

genetic predisposition, traumatic experiences, overprotective parent, medications, therapy