Ch 5

Question 1

What consonants do NOT utilize the tongue in their production?

Answer 1

/h/, /b/, /f/

Question 2

How many vowel phonemes are there in American English?

Answer 2

approximately 14

Question 3

How many diphthongs in American English?

Answer 3

5

Question 4

How many consonant phonemes are there in American English?

Answer 4

24

Question 5

Consonants are produced by?

Answer 5

Vocal tract CONSTRICTIONS that modify the breath stream coming from the larynx and generally the coming together of two articulators to modify airflow as it passes through the oral and/or nasal cavities.

Question 6

The _________ is the primary articulator in production of consonants.

Answer 6

tongue

Question 7

How are Sonorant Consonants (Sonorants) produced?

Answer 7

produced with resonance occurring throughout the entire vocal tract (little constriction and little turbulence)

Question 8

What are the Sonorant Consonants (manner)?

Answer 8

Nasals, Glides, Liquids

Question 9

How many SONORANT Consonants are there?

Answer 9

7 in total

Question 10

Sonorants are all voiced or voiceless?

Answer 10

ALL voiced

Question 11

How are Obstruent Consonants produced?

Answer 11

the airflow is obstructed during articulation and the primary sound source is the noise (turbulence) created a the point of constriction.

Question 12

How many Obstruent Consonants are there?

Answer 12

19 in total

Question 13

What are the Obstruent Consonants (manner)?

Answer 13

Stops, Fricatives, Affricates

Question 14

Obstruents in terms of voicing?

Answer 14

Some are voiced and some are voiceless.

Question 15

Consonants that occur BEFORE a vowel are? Example?

Answer 15

PREvocalic
Ex. See

Question 16

Consonants that occur AFTER a vowel are? Example?

Answer 16

POSTvocalic
Ex. eaT

Question 17

Consonants that occur BETWEEN two vowels are? Example?

Answer 17

INTERvocalic
Ex. oKay

Question 18

Syllabic Consonants?
Define.
What are they?

Answer 18

When a vowel and a consonant represents an entire syllable because there is no fully articulated vowel.
They get a special marking (‘) but underneath them.
/m, n, l/

Question 19

MANNER of production? How many are there and what are they?

Answer 19

The way in which the airstream is modified as it passes through the vocal tract.
6
Nasals, Glides, Liquids
Stops, Fricatives, Affricates

Question 20

How are STOPS produced?

Answer 20

when the articulators COMPLETELY impede the airstream

Question 21

How are FRICATIVES produced?

Longer or shorter in duration than STOPS?

Answer 21

by FORCING air through a NARROW CHANNEL formed by the articulators in the oral cavity.

LONGER in duration.

Question 22

PLACE of articulation? Common Places of articulation?

Answer 22

Place of constriction.

Bilabial, Labiodental, Dental, Alveolar, Post Alveolar, Palatal, Velar, Glottal, Lingual

Question 23

VOICING?

Answer 23

Refers to whether the vocal folds are vibrating during the production of a particular consonant.
Voiced or Voiceless

Question 24

Phonemes that differ ONLY in voicing are called?

Answer 24

Cognates

Question 25

What phonemes are cognates?

Answer 25

/p and b/ /t and d/ /k and g/

Question 26

Minimal Pairs?

Answer 26

Word pairs that differ only in the VOICING OF ONE PHONEME. (ex; "bit"/"pit" or "tuck"/"duck," "cane"/"gain," "shack"/"shag")

Question 27

What is an ALVEOLAR TAP? What Manner of production group does it belong to?

Answer 27

An allophone of /t/ and /d/; used to represent the combination of the two sounds; rapid movement of the tongue tip against the alveolar ridge, creating a brief stop. (ex; "butter," "battle," "cutie," "latter," "static") Stop

Question 28

What is an GLOTTAL STOP? What Manner of production group does it belong to?

Answer 28

Another allophone for /t/; generally occurs in the syllable-final position; when the /t/ is not released in the oral cavity. Tongue tip stays in SAME PLACE (alveolar) of articulation. (ex; "mountain," "kitten," "button") Stop

Question 29

On Spectrograms ______ and ______ look like vowels, however, are shorter and less intense.

Answer 29

glides liquids

Question 30

How are AFFRICATES produced?

Answer 30

A combination of the stop and fricative manners of production. Considered OBSTRUENT. The articulation begins as an alveolar stop, then an increase in pressure, then the air is forced through the constriction formed by the tongue and palate, creating TURBULENT NOISE.

Question 31

How are NASALS produced?

Answer 31

with the VELUM LOWERED so that the airstream flow into the NASAL CAVITY Sonorant

Question 32

How are GLIDES produced?

Answer 32

involve a gliding motion of the articulators, similar to how diphthongs are produced, but are faster in duration (CONTINUED MOVEMENT OF THE ARTICULATORS). Sonorant

Question 33

How are LIQUIDS produced?

Answer 33

oral resonant consonants; general term that has been adopted by phoneticians to categorize "l" and "r" consonants.