Ch. 5 Flashcards
(22 cards)
Kinetic Energy
The energy which the body processes because of its motion
photosynthesis converts what type of energy into what?
Kinetic potential
Cellular respiration converts what type of energy to what?
potential to kinetic
Energy flow through ecosystems
source of all energy on earth is light from the sun
trophic level is the number of steps an organism is away from using the suns energy directly from metabolism of carbohydrates
what are producers
primary producers are organisms one step away from using the suns energy directly for metabolism of carbohydrates. Plants and green algae are primary producers. they use the sunlight to produce glucose.
primary consumers
primary consumers are organisms the second step away from using The suns energy directly for metabolism of carbohydrates. Mollusks or other herbivores are examples. They eat primary producers.
secondary consumers
secondary consumers are organisms a third step away from using this as energy directly from metabolism of carbohydrates. Carnivores such as the slimy sculpinI examples of secondary consumers.
Tertiary consumers a.k.a. Apex predator
tertiary consumers are organisms for subs away from using the suns energy directly from metabolism of carbohydrates. Lions, bears,and any other animal in the wild without a natural predator is a tertiary consumer.
Detrivores
Heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus. for example: millipedes, wood lice, dung flies, slugs, many terrestrial worms, sea stars, see cucumbers, fiddler crabs, etc.
decomposers
decomposers can go under any trophic level except level one a.k.a. primary producer.
for example: bacteria, fungi, hyenas, vultures
autotrophs versus heterotrophs
autotroph: an organism that produces complex are going to compounds such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from simple substances present and it’s surroundings generally using Energy from light or inorganic chemical reactions.
heterotroph: an organism that cannot fix carbon and uses organic carbon for growth. Heterotrophs can be further divided based on how they obtain energy.
two laws of thermodynamics
The first law, also known as law of conservation of energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system. The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of any isolated system always increases.
entropy
A measure of the unavailable energy in a closed thermodynamic system that is also usually considered to be a measure of the systems disorder and that is a property of a systems state and is related to it in such a manner that a reversible change and heat in the system produces a change in the measure which varies directly with the heat change and inversely with the absolute temperature at which the change takes place; broadly: the degree of this order or uncertainty in the system
Chemical reactions
The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants or reagents. Chemical reactions are usually characterized by a chemical change, and they yield one or more products, which usually have properties different from the reactants.
endergonic and exergonic reactions with examples
endergonic: Heat is absorbed
for example: photosynthesis
Exergonic: heat is released
for example: cellular respiration
activation energy and catalyst
activation energy: minimum amount of energy to kickstart a reaction
catalyst: A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change
enzymes: active site and substrate binding site
The region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction. The active site consists of residues that form temporary bonds with the substrate. The active site is usually a group for pocket of the enzyme which can be located in the deep tunnel within the enzyme.
enzyme substrate complex
substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions involving the substrate. In the case of a single substrate, the substrate binds with the enzyme active site, and an enzyme -substrate complex is formed
hydrolysis of sucrose
hydrolysis breaks the glycosidic bond converting sucrose and glucose (blood sugar) and fructose
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
adenine + ribose = adenosine
3 phosphate groups
effects of temperature and pH on enzymes
enzymes function within an optimum temperature range. When temperature increases, the shape of the enzyme changes due to unfolding of the protein chains. Enzymes function within an optimal pH range. The shape of enzymes is also affected by pH. Most enzymes work best within a pH range of 6 to 8,exceptions are stomach enzymes function in acidic ranges.
potential energy
stored energy in an object due of its position or is configuration
