Ch 5,6,7 Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
What is a polymer?
A
long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
2
Q
What is a dehydration reaction?
A
condensation reaction, 2 monomers bond through loss of water molecule
3
Q
What is hydrolosis?
A
polymers disassembled to monomers, reverse of dehydration reaction
4
Q
What is a carbohydrate?
A
Sugars and polymers of sugars
5
Q
What is a glycoside linkage?
A
covalent bond when dehydration reaction joins 2 monosaccharides
6
Q
What is starch?
A
Storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose onomers
7
Q
What is cellulose?
A
Major structural component of cell wall of plants, polymer of glucose
8
Q
What is a lipid?
A
One class of large biological molecules that do NOT form polymers, little to no affinity for water
9
Q
What is a fatty acid?
A
Carboxyl group attached to long carbon skeleton
10
Q
What is Esther linkage?
A
fatty acid linkage to glycerol
11
Q
What is triaglycerol?
A
3 fatty acids joined to glycerol by Esther linkage
12
Q
What is saturated fatty acid?
A
maximum # of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
13
Q
What is unsaturated fatty acid?
A
have 1 or more double bonds
14
Q
What is protein?
A
account for more than 50% of dry mass in most cells, structural support, transport, cell communication, movement, defense against foreign substances
15
Q
What is a polypeptide?
A
polymers built from same set of 20 amino acids
16
Q
What is an amino acid?
A
organic molecules w/ carboxyl/amino groups
17
Q
What is a peptide bond?
A
how amino acids link
18
Q
What is Nucleic Acid?
A
gene (unit of inheritance) made DNA
19
Q
What is nucleotides?
A
monomer of polynucleotides
20
Q
What is phosphodiester linkage?
A
2 hydroxyl groups react w/ hydroxyl groups to form 2 ester bonds
21
Q
What is the dehydration reaction and how is this reaction responsible for the production of polymers?
A
2 monomers bond through loss of water molecule, reaction occurs b/c polymers are monomers bonded together
22
Q
What is hydrolysis? How is this reaction responsible for the breakdown of players?
A
hydrolysis = water added, breaks down polymers = polymers formed by taking away water to create chain, add water breaks chain again, reverse of dehydration
23
Q
What are carbohydrates?
A
Sugars/plymers of sugars
24
Q
Describe the function of carbohydrates.
A
provide body w/ glucose for energy
25
Distinguish between, be able to recognize the structure of, and give examples of monosaccharides, disaccharide and polysaccharides.
```
monosaccharide = formulas usually multiples of CH20, glucose is common, serve as major fuel and raw material for building molecules
disaccharide = dehydration reaction joins 2 monosaccharides by glycosidic linkage
polysaccharide = polymers of sugars, structure/func determined by sugar monomers/position of glycosidic linkages, good example is starch from plants, glycogen is storage polysaccharide in animals (found in muscle/liver)
```
26
State the name given to the bond between monosaccharides.
glycosidic linkage
27
What is a lipid?
one class of large biological molecules that don't form polymers, hydrophobic due to non polar covalent bonds, important (fats, phospholipids, steriods)
28
Describe the function of lipids
energy storage
29
Give examples of lipids
fats, phospholipids, steriods
30
Recognize the structure of and and describe the function of Triacylglycerol (triglycerides, fats/oils)
3 fatty acids joins to glycerol by ester linkage, regulates animal temps
31
Recognize the structure of and and describe the function of phospholipids.
2 fatty acids and phosphate group attached to glycerol, major component of all cell membranes
32
Recognize the structure of and and describe the function of steriods.
lipids characterized by carbon skeletons consisting of 4 fused rings, cholesterol is an important steriod
33
State the subunits that make up fats.
glycerol (3 carbon alcohol w/ hydroxyl group attache to each carbon) and fatty acids (carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton)
34
Describe a triglyceride molecule and state the name given to the bond between the glycerol and fatty acid
triglyceride description = 3 fatty acids joined by glycerol
| bond = ester linkage
35
Distinguish between the structure of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
double bond in carbon creates kin in unsaturated fats
36
What is a protein?
biomolecules or macromolecules consisting of 1 or more long chains of amino acids
37
Give examples of protein functions.
structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, defense against foreign sbustances
38
State the monomer subunits that make up proteins.
amino acids (organic molecules w/ carboxyl and amino groups)
39
Show the structural formula of an amino acid, including the amino group, the carboxyl group, and the R group.
amino group (H2N) attached to carboxyl group (CO2H w/ double bond, and an R group
40
Describe the hydrophilic/hydrophobic nature of amino acids
phosphate head (hydrophilic), amino acid tails (hydrophobic)
41
Which amino acids are non polar?
glycine,, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalamine, tryptophan, proline
42
Which amino acids are polar?
serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine
43
Which amino acids are electrically charged?
aspartic, glutamic, lysine, arginine, histodine
44
State the name given to the bond between amino acids.
peptide bonds
45
Distinguish between a polypeptide and protein.
polypeptide is a polymer of amino acids that range in length (has unique linear sequence of amino acids), protein has one or more poly peptides twisted/folded/coiled into unique shape
46
Specifically describe the four level of protein structure that give proteins their specific shape: Primary
sequence of amino acids, inherited
47
Specifically describe the four level of protein structure that give proteins their specific shape: Secondary
hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of polypeptide backbone
48
Specifically describe the four level of protein structure that give proteins their specific shape: Tertiary
determined by interactions between R groups, shape determined by hydrophobic interactions
49
Specifically describe the four level of protein structure that give proteins their specific shape: Quaternary
2 or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule
50
What is a Nucleic Acid?
store/transmit hereditary info
51
State 2 kinds of nucleic acids.
deoxyribonucleic (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
52
State the monomer subunits that make up nucleic acids.
nucleotides (nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group), nucleoside (portion of nucleotide w/ out phosphate group)
53
Describe and be able to recognize the molecular structure of nucleotide.
Phosphate (O4P w/ double bond) connected to sugar and nitrogenous base
54
State the name given to the bond between nucleotides.
covalent
55
Explain the function of DNA and RNA
DNA func = stores hereditary info
| RNA func = carries protein coding instructions from DNA to protein synthesizing machinery
56
Name the function of a nucleus
"brains", directs cell activities and contains genetic material called chromosomes made of DNA
57
Name the function of nuclear envelope
double membrane that encloses cell nucleus
58
Name the function of nucleous
makes ribosomal subunits from protein and rRNA
59
Name the function of ribosomes
site of protein synthesis, bind messenger RNA and transfers RNA to create proteins
60
Name the function of endoplasmic reticulum
smooth (synthesis of lipids, steroid hormones, detoxify harmful metabolic byproducts)
rough ( has ribosomes as "studs" and plays central role in making proteins)
61
Name the function of vesicles
transports liquids by encasing in lipid Pilar, can be found inside/outside cell, "amazon boxes"
62
Name the function of Golgi apparatus
Transports, modifies and packs proteins and lipids into vesicles, "amazon building"
63
Name the function of lysosomes
contains digestive enzymes that break down excess or worn out cell parts
64
Name the functions of vacuoles
provides storage, ingestion, digestion, expression, expulsion of water for plants
65
Name the function of the mitochondria
"power house", turns sugar into energy
66
Name the function of chloroplasts.
conducts photosynthesis and gives plants their green pigment
67
Name the function of peroxisome
creates hydrogen peroxide by bonding oxygen to fatty/amino acids
68
Name the function of cytoskeletons.
helps cell maintain it's shape by using microtubules and filaments
69
Distinguish between magnification and resolution
```
magnify = make image larger
resolution = make 2 objects distinguishable
```
70
Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
```
prokaryotic = no membrane
eukaryotic = membrane bound and stores genes in nucleus
```
71
Distinguish between free and bound ribosomes.
```
free = floats in cell watery fluid, not attache to anything
bound = attached and produces proteins to be used elsewhere
```
72
Describe the structure and function of the components (organelles) of the endomembrane system.
nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, ER, Golgi, plasma membrane
73
Describe function and structure of microtubules
hollow rods, 2nm diameter, 200 nm to 25 microns long, shapes cell, guiding movement of organelles, separates chromosomes during cell division
74
Describe function and structure of microfilaments
2 intertwined strands of actin (protein subunit), 7 nm diameter, maintains cell shape, changes cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility/division
75
Describe function and structure of intermediate filaments
fibrous proteins super coiled into thicker cables, 8-12 nm diameter, think keratin, maintains cell shape, anchors nucleus and certain other organelles, forms nuclear lamina
76
Explain how the ultrastructure of cilia and flagella relate to their functions.
```
cilia = power stroke, back pack comparison (get whipped)
flagella = sperm movement
```
77
State the purpose and location of a plant cell wall
protect plant cell, maintain shape, prevents excessive uptake of water
78
Describe the structure and roles of the extracellular matrix in animal cells.
animal cells b/c they lack cell walls, made of glycoproteins (collagen, proteglucans, fibronectin), binds to receptor proteins
79
Describe plasmodesmatas
channels that perforate plant cell walls, water/small solutes can pass from cell to cell
80
Describe gap junctions.
communicating, provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells
81
Describe tight junctions.
membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, prevents leakage of extracellular fluid
82
Describe desosomes.
anchoring, fasten cells into strong sheets
83
Define amphipathic.
phospholipids, contains hydrophobic/hydrophilic regions
84
Define integral protein.
type of membrane protein permanently attached to biological membrane
85
Define peripheral protein.
membrane proteins that temporarily adhere to associated membranes
86
Define phospholipid
lipid containing phosphoric acid
87
Define glycolipid.
lipid w/ carbohydrate attached
88
Define glycoprotein.
proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to amino acid side chains
89
Define transport protein.
what charged molecules depend on, allow passage of hydrophilic substances across membrane, also called channel proteins
90
Define diffusion.
tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into available space
91
Define passive transport
diffusion of substance across biological membrane, requires no energy
92
Define facilitated diffusion
transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across plasma membrane
93
Define osmosis
diffusion of water
94
Define active transport
uses ATP to transport
95
Define isotonic
no water movement b/c solute concentration is the same
96
Define hypotonic
solute concentration is less than inside cell, cell gains water
97
Define hypertonic
solute concentration greater than inside cell, cell loses water
98
Define excytosis
bulk transport outside cell
99
Define endocytosis
bulk transport inside cell
100
Describe the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure.
membrane is fluid structure w/ "mosaic" of various proteins embedded in it
101
Identify the structural components of phospholipids.
phosphate head, glycerol head (+), connected to non polar fatty acids
102
Identify the structural components of membrane proteins.
determine membrane function, embedded in fluid matrix of lipid billy -- has glycolipids and glycoproteins
103
Identify the structural components of cholesterol
tightly packed in groups of four, not as affected by temp changes
104
Show the molecular structure of phospholipids.
phosphate head connected to glycerol w/ fatty acid tails
105
Explain how the amphipathic nature of molecules w/ hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions form membranes
tails of fatty acids connect to create bilayer
106
Explain the role of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in maintaining optimum membrane fluidity.
optimum fluidity - fish in warm water would want to have saturated (solid) to prevent them from falling apart, fish in cold water would want to have unsaturated (liquid) to allow them to move around
107
Explain the role of cholesterol in membranes in maintaining optimum membrane fluidity.
cholesterol is a stiff molecule that is not as affected by temp changed
108
Describe the amphipathic nature of integral membrane proteins.
folded proteins are hydrophobic, unfolded proteins are hydrophillic
109
Describe the structure of glycolipids and glycoproteins in the plasma membrane.
glycolipid (lipid w/ carb, maintain stability of cell and plays part in cell to cell communication)
glycoprotein (oligosaccharide w/ amino acid side chain)
110
Describe the process of making new plasma membrane sections inside a cell.
add to pre existing membrane
111
List the major functions of plasma membrane.
transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell to cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM
112
Define diffusion.
tendency of molecules to spread out evenly into the available space
113
State which chemical substances can diffuse directly through the plasma membrane and which substances cannot.
```
can = uncharge, oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrophobic molecules
can't = proteins, glucose, charged particles like ions
```
114
What is a concentration gradient?
the difference in concentration of a substance from one area to another
115
What is a charge gradient?
effect of membrane potential on ion's movement
116
What is an electrochemical gradient?
2 combined forces, drive the diffusion of ions across membrane
117
Define facilitated diffusion
transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across plasma membrane
118
Define osmosis.
diffusion of H2O across selectively permeable membranes
119
What is a hypersonic solution
solute concentration is greater than inside cell, cell loses H2O
120
What is hypotonic solution?
solute concentration less than inside cell, cell gains H2O
121
What is an isotonic aqueous solution?
solute concentration is same as inside cell, no H2O movement
122
Relate solution tonicity to crenation and lysis in animal cells to plasmolysis in plant cells.
```
tonicity = solution causes cell to gain/lose H2O
crenation = shape
lysed = animal cell gains H2O, causes it to be round/explode
plasmolyze = pant cell looses H2O, causes it to shrivel
```
123
Define active transport
uses energy to move solutes against their gradients
124
Define exocytosis and describe the process involving a glove vesicle.
tranport vesicles migrate to membrane, fuse w/ it and release content
125
Define endocytosis
cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from plasma membrane
126
What is phagocytosis
cellular eating
127
What is pinocytosis
cellular drinking
128
What is receptor mediated endocystosis
Cellular hands
