CH 5 Flashcards
Test 2 (63 cards)
1
Q
-Is the largest system of the body
-16% of body weight
-1.5 to 2 m2 in area
-is made up of two parts:
Cutaneous membrane (skin)
Accessory structures
A
Integument
2
Q
Two Components of the Cutaneous Membrane
A
Outer epidermis
Inner dermis
3
Q
Superficial epithelium (epithelial tissues)
A
Outer epidermis
4
Q
Connective tissues
A
Inner dermis
5
Q
Cardiovascular system
Blood vessels in the dermis
A
connections
6
Q
Sensory receptors for pain, touch, and temperature
A
Nervous system
7
Q
- Loose connective tissue
- Below the dermis
- Location of hypodermic injections
A
Hypodermis
8
Q
- Protects underlying tissues and organs
- Excretes salts, water, and organic wastes (glands)
- Maintains body temperature (insulation and evaporation)
- Synthesizes vitamin D3
- Stores lipids
- Detects touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
A
Functions of Skin
9
Q
- Is avascular stratified squamous epithelium
- Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in the dermis
A
The Epidermis
10
Q
- Contain large amounts of keratin
- Are the most abundant cells in the epidermis
A
Keratinocytes
11
Q
- Covers most of the body
- Has four layers of keratinocytes
A
Thin Skin
12
Q
- Covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
- Has five layers of keratinocytes
A
Thick skin
13
Q
-The five strata of keratinocytes in thick skin
-From basal lamina to free surface
Stratum germinativum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
A
Structures of the Epidermis
14
Q
- Is attached to basement membrane
- Forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis
- Forms epidermal ridges (e.g., fingerprints)
A
Stratum Germinativum
15
Q
- Increase the area of basement membrane
- Strengthen attachment between epidermis and dermis
- Has many basal cells or germinative cells
A
Dermal papillae
16
Q
- Found in hairless skin
- Respond to touch (trigger nervous system)
A
Merkel cells
17
Q
- Contain the pigment melanin
- Scattered throughout stratum germinitivum
A
Melanocytes
18
Q
- Produced by division of stratum germanitivum
- Continue to divide, increasing thickness of epithelium
- Contain dendritic (Langerhans) cells, active in immune response
A
Stratum Spinosum — the “spiny layer”
19
Q
Stops dividing, starts producing
A
Stratum Granulosum — the “grainy layer”
20
Q
- A tough, fibrous protein
- Makes up hair and nails
A
Keratin
21
Q
- Dense granules
- Cross-link keratin fibers
A
keratohyalin
22
Q
- Produce protein fibers
- Dehydrate and die
- Create tightly interlocked layer of keratin surrounded by keratohyalin
A
Cells of Stratum Granulosum
23
Q
- Found only in thick skin
- Covers stratum granulosum
A
Stratum Lucidum — the “clear layer”
24
Q
- Exposed surface of skin
- 15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells
- Water resistant
- Shed and replaced every 2 weeks
A
Stratum Corneum — the “horn layer”
25
- The formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin
- Occurs on all exposed skin surfaces except eyes
- Skin life cycle
- It takes 15–30 days for a cell to move from stratum basale to stratum corneum
Keratinization
26
- orange-yellow pigment
- found in orange vegetables
- accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissues of the dermis
- can be converted to vitamin A
Carotene (pigment)
27
- yellow-brown or black pigment
| - produced by melanocytes in stratum germinativum
Melanin
28
Causes DNA mutations and burns that lead to cancer and wrinkles
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
29
-Melanin protects skin from sun damage
-Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
Causes DNA mutations and burns that lead to cancer and wrinkles
-Skin color depends on melanin production, not number of melanocytes
Function of Melanocytes
30
- Bluish skin tint
| - Caused by severe reduction in blood flow or oxygenation
Cyanosis
31
- Buildup of bile produced by liver
| - Yellow color
Jaundice
32
Excess MSH
Pituitary tumor
33
- A disease of the pituitary gland
| - Skin darkening
Addison’s disease
34
- Loss of melanocytes
| - Loss of color
Vitiligo
35
-Located between epidermis and subcutaneous layer
-Anchors epidermal accessory structures (hair follicles, sweat glands)
Two components:
1. Outer papillary layer
2. Deep reticular layer
The Dermis
36
- Consists of areolar tissue
- Contains smaller capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons
- Has dermal papillae projecting between epidermal ridges
Papillary Layer
37
- Consists of dense irregular connective tissue
- Contains larger blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers
- Contains collagen and elastic fibers
- Contains connective tissue proper
Reticular Layer
38
- An inflammation of the papillary layer
- Caused by infection, radiation, mechanical irritation, or chemicals (e.g., poison ivy)
- Characterized by itch or pain
Dermatitis
39
- Very strong, resist stretching but bends easily
| - Provide flexibility
Collagen fibers
40
- Permit stretching and then recoil to original length
| - Limit the flexibility of collagen fibers to prevent damage to tissue
Elastic fibers
41
Properties of flexibility and resilience
Skin turgor
42
Sagging and wrinkles:
- Dehydration
- Age
- Hormonal changes
- UV exposure
Skin Damage
43
- Thickened tissue resulting from excessive stretching of skin due to:
- Pregnancy
- Weight gain
Stretch marks
44
Bruising
An accumulation of blood from damaged vessels
45
- Lies below the integument
- Stabilizes the skin
- Allows separate movement
- Made of elastic areolar and adipose tissues
- Connected to the reticular layer of integument by connective tissue fibers
- Few capillaries and no vital organs
- The site of subcutaneous injections using hypodermic needles
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)
46
- Protects and insulates
- Guards openings against particles and insects
- Is sensitive to very light touch
Functions of Hair
47
- Located deep in dermis
- Produces nonliving hairs
- Wrapped in a dense connective tissue sheath
- Base is surrounded by sensory nerves (root hair plexus)
Hair Follicle
48
- Involuntary smooth muscle
- Causes hairs to stand up
- Produces “goose bumps”
Arrector pill
49
- Lubricate the hair
| - Control bacteria
Sebaceous glands
50
- Lower part of the hair
| - Attached to the integument
Hair root
51
- Upper part of the hair
| - Not attached to the integument
Hair shaft
52
The central core
Medulla
53
The middle layer
Cortex
54
The surface layer
Cuticle
55
- Soft, fine
| - Cover body surface
vellus hairs
56
- Heavy, pigmented
- Head, eyebrows, and eyelashes
- Other parts of body after puberty
Terminal hairs
57
- Holocrine glands
| - Secrete sebum
Sebaceous Glands (oil glands)
58
- Contains lipids and other ingredients
- Lubricates and protects the epidermis
- Inhibits bacteria
Sebum
59
- Found in armpits, around nipples, and groin
- Secrete products into hair follicles
- Produce sticky, cloudy secretions
- Break down and cause odors
Apocrine Sweat Glands
60
- Widely distributed on body surface
- Especially on palms and soles
- Coiled, tubular glands
- Discharge directly onto skin surface
- Sensible perspiration
- Water, salts, and organic compounds
merocrine (Eccrine) Sweat Glands
61
- Cools skin
- Excretes water and electrolytes
- Flushes microorganisms and harmful chemicals from skin
Functions of merocrine sweat gland activity
62
Produce milk
Mammary glands (mammals)
63
- Produce cerumen (earwax)
| - Protect the eardrum
Ceruminous glands
