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Geology > CH 5-8 > Flashcards

CH 5-8 Flashcards

1
Q

The breaking down of rock

A

Weathering

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2
Q

Breaks rock into smaller pieces

A

Physical Weathering

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3
Q

Breakdown rock chemically

A

Chemical Weathering

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4
Q

Oxidation, Dissolution, and Hydrolysis

A

Types of Chemical Weathering

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5
Q

Iron minerals rust. Olivine, biotite, pyroxene, & amphibole

A

Oxidation

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6
Q

Minerals dissolve. Halite
& Calcite

A

Dissolution

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7
Q

Water reacts with a mineral to form a new mineral. Muscovite & feldspar.

A

Hydrolysis

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8
Q

Frost Wedging, Exfoliation, Root Wedging, and Salt Wedging

A

Types of Physical Weathering

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9
Q

Water in crack freezes and expands, thus widening crack

A

Frost Wedging

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10
Q

Pile of angular rock at base of cliff

A

Talus slope

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11
Q

Rock peels off in layers. Result of removal of pressure

A

Exfoliation

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12
Q

Plant roots grow in cracks, widening cracks

A

Root Wedging

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13
Q

Sate crystals grow in cracks, widens cracks or holes

A

Salt Wedging

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14
Q

Form from pre-existing rocks

A

Sedimantary Rocks

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15
Q

Appearance of minerals and formation of rock

A

Texture

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16
Q

Bedding, Cross Bedding, Graded Bedding, Ripple Marks, & Mud Cracks

A

Sedimentary Structures

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17
Q

Layers in the sedimentary rocks

A

Bedding

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18
Q

Tells us paleowind direction

Wind Wind
—-> <——-
\\\\ ////////

A

Cross Bedding

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19
Q

Layers Based on Size. Tells us that water moved fast but slowed down.
……………..
ooooooooo
OOOOOOO

A

Graded Bedding

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20
Q

Gentle waves and/or gentle waves

A

Ripple Marks

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21
Q

Arid. Wet and then very dry.
Footprint
|
V
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
V V V V V L___J

A

Mud cracks

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22
Q

-When a new fault forms
-Movement on pre-existing fault
-When magma moves

A

Earthquakes happen

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23
Q

-Anywhere
-Most occur at plate boundaries

A

Where earthquakes happen

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24
Q

Move through the earth

A

Body Waves

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25
Q

3 Seismographs for same earthquake. Look for 3 intersecting.

A

How to find epicenter.

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26
Q

P-wave & S-wave

A

The 2 types of body waves

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27
Q

-Travels fastest
First
Compression wave
Move material same direction as wave travels

A

P-wave (Primary Wave)

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28
Q

-Second to arrive
-More shaking and damage
-Shear wave
-Solids only

A

S-wave (Secondary Wave)

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29
Q

Moves material perpendicular to direction of wave travel

A

Shear Wave

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30
Q

-Move only on the surface
-Slow
-Last to arrive
-Shaking ~LOTS~Most intense
-Most damage
-L-wave

A

Surface Waves

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31
Q

Measure of destruction of earthquake

A

Intensity

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32
Q

I-XII (1-12)
Can change with distance to epicenter

A

Mercalli Intensity Scale

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33
Q

Measure of size of earthquake

A

Magnitude

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34
Q

Based on s & p waves
Inaccurate for large earthquakes
Scale of 1-10

A

Richter Scale

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35
Q

More accurate for larger earthquakes
Based on energy released
Based on displacement (amount of movement of fault)
Based on size of rupture (size of piece that moved)
Rock type
Scale of 1-10

A

Movement Magnitude

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36
Q

Surface waves are most destructive

A

Shaking

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37
Q

Soft sediment (Sand, gravel, mud) increases amplitude on seismic waves

A

Amplification of seismic waves

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38
Q

Ground flows like a liquid. Buildings sink or tip over

A

Liquefaction

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39
Q

Falling rock

A

Landslides

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40
Q

Caused by broken gas lines

A

Fire

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41
Q

Water in lakes, pools, rivers, etc sloshes back and forth

Water
|
V
|\ |
| \ |

A

Seiche

42
Q

Huge wave. Huge wavelength

|——————————————–|

A

Tsunami

43
Q

Recurrence Interval, seismic Gap

A

Earthquake Prediction

44
Q

Average amount of time between events

A

Recurrence Interval

45
Q

Large amount of time since last Earthquake
Area without an Earthquake OR longest time since earthquake

A

Seismic Gap

46
Q

Change rock/minerals. No melting, no weathering, change caused by the agents of metamorphism

A

Metamorphism

47
Q

How much metamorphism has ocurred

A

Metamorphic grade

48
Q

High pressure &/or temperature

A

High metamorphic grade

49
Q

Intermediate amounts of pressure &/or temperature

A

Intermediate metamorphic grade

50
Q

Low pressure &/or temperature

A

Low metamorphic grade

51
Q

The stuff coming out of a volcano

A

Volcanic Products

52
Q

Resistance to flow

A

Viscosity

53
Q

Forms a “mound”, flows slowly for shorter distances
EX: honey

A

High Viscosity Liquids

54
Q

Spreads over large area, flows fast for longer distances
EX: water

A

Low Viscosity Liquids

55
Q

Composition: Mafic
Rock Type: Basalt
Viscosity: Low

A

Basaltic Lava Flows

56
Q

Pahoehoe
A’a
Columnar Joints
Pillow Basalts

A

Features of Basaltic Lavas

57
Q

Ropy, taffy like lava flow. Looks like pile of rope or yarn

A

Pahoehoe

58
Q

A blocky, angular, rubbly lava flow

A

A’a

59
Q

Cracks form in lava flows due to shrinkage during cooling

A

Columnar Joints

60
Q

Roundish (pillow shape and size) rocks of basalt. Formed underwater. Oceanic hot spot, mid ocean ridge.

A

Pillow Basalts

61
Q

Composition: Felsic
Rock Type: Rhyolite
Viscosity: High

A

Rhyolitic Lava Flows

62
Q

Piece

A

Clast

63
Q

Rock

A

Lith

64
Q

Rocks form from broken pieces of other rock

A

Clastic

65
Q

Physical Weathering
Erosion
Transportation
Deposition
Lithification

A

5 steps in the formation of clastic

66
Q

Removal of pieces

A

Erosion

67
Q

Movement
-water -wind -ice -gravity

A

Transportation

68
Q

Where pieces end up

A

Depostion

69
Q

Process by which sediment becomes rock
2 parts: compaction and cementation

A

Lithification

70
Q

Rocks precipitated out of water

A

Chemical

71
Q

Life involved - shells, fossils, etc.

A

Biochemical

72
Q

Life involved - carbon - plants

A

Organic

73
Q

Shale
Sandstone
Conglomerate

A

Clastic

74
Q

Limestone
Rock Salt

A

Chemical

75
Q

Limestone

A

Biochemical

76
Q

Coal

A

Organic

77
Q

Too small to see/feel

A

Clay sized

78
Q

All piece’s same size (clay) smooth

A

Well Sorted

79
Q

Pieces in rock are not angular

A

Well Rounded

80
Q

Different sizes. Rocks are angular

A

Poorly Sorted

81
Q

Proximity to magma. Depth. Heat.
Crystalline Structure.

A

Temperature

82
Q

Convergent plate boundaries –> <–
Depth. Crystalline Structure

A

Pressure

83
Q

Near/at magma. Hot water. Depth.
Chemical composition. Crystalline structure

A

Hydrothermal Fluids

84
Q

Parallel alignment of minerals. Regional Metamorphism.

A

Foliation

85
Q

Minerals too small to see. Break into flat layers.

A

Slaty Cleavage

86
Q

Wavy layers. Shiny.

A

Schistosity

87
Q

Stripes

A

Gneissic Banding

88
Q

Everything Else. No stripes. No layers. Contact Metamorphism.

A

Non-Foliated

89
Q

Texture: Slaty Cleavage
Protolith: Shale
Composition: Quarts, clay minerals
Details: Smooth, flat layers
Foliation

A

Slate

90
Q

Rock before metamorphism

A

Protolith

91
Q

Which minerals

A

Composition

92
Q

Texture: Schistosity
Protolith: Granite & More
Composition: Quartz, Feldspars, Muscovite, Biotite, Amphibole
Details: Shiny due to muscovite and biotite
Foliation

A

Schist

93
Q

Texture: Gneissic Banding
Protolith: Granite & more
Composition: Quartz, Feldspars, Muscovite, Biotite, Amphibole
Details: Stripes
Foliation

A

Gneiss

94
Q

Texture: Non-foliated
Protolith: Limestone
Composition: Calcite
Details: Fizzes in acid

A

Marble

95
Q

Texture; Non-foliated
Protolith: Sandstone
Composition: Quartz
Details: Scratches Glass

A

Quartziite

96
Q

Regional metamorphism and contact metamorphism

A

Metamorphic Environments

97
Q

Larger area. Convergence. –> <–. Foliation.

A

Regional Metamorphism

98
Q

Smaller area. Heat. Surrounding Magma. Non-foliated.

A

Contact Metamorphism.

99
Q

Change of rocks/minerals

A

Metamorphism

100
Q

If the rock melts it is _______

A

Igneous

Geology (1 decks)

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