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AP Biology > Ch. 5 - 8 Test > Flashcards

Ch. 5 - 8 Test Flashcards

1
Q

What is the monomer unit of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

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2
Q

What are the three types of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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3
Q

What are the polymer units of carbohydrates?

A

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

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4
Q

What are three examples of disaccharides?

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

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5
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides?

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin

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6
Q

What bonds form between carbohydrates?

A

Glycosidic linkages (dehydration synthesis)

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7
Q

What is the monomer unit of lipids?

A

Fatty acids

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8
Q

What are the two main types of fatty acids?

A

Saturated and unsaturated

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9
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fat?

A

Saturated has only single bonds, unsaturated has double bonds which bend the chain

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10
Q

What are the polymer units of lipids?

A

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids

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11
Q

What are lipids used for?

A

Energy storage and cholesterol

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12
Q

What types of bonds form between lipids?

A

Ester linkages

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13
Q

What are the monomer units of proteins?

A

Amino acids

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14
Q

What is the polymer unit of proteins?

A

Polypeptides

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15
Q

What bond forms between amino acids?

A

Peptide bonds (covalent bonds)

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16
Q

What is an example of proteins?

A

Muscle cells, keratin/collagen

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17
Q

What is the monomer unit of nucleic acid?

A

Nucleotides

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18
Q

What are nucleotides made of?

A

Sugar, phosphate, base

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19
Q

What bonds form in nucleic acids?

A

Phosphodiester bWhatonds in backbone of DNA, hydrogen bonds b/t nucleotides

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20
Q

What are examples of nucleic acid?

A

DNA, RNA, and ATP

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21
Q

What is the first level of protein structure?

A

Primary - unique order of twenty amino acids

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22
Q

What is the second level of protein structure?

A

Secondary - coiled or folded amino acid chains

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23
Q

What are the two types of secondary proteins?

A

Alpha helix - coiled spring

Beta pleated sheet - folded and held together w/ hydrogen bonds

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24
Q

What is the third level of protein structure?

A

Tertiary - comprehensive 3D structure of a polypeptide chain

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25
Q

What is the fourth level of protein structure?

A

Quaternary - structure of protein formed by interactions of multiple polypeptide chains

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26
Q

What is the path of protein synthesis?

A

Transcription ➔ RNA processing ➔ formation of initiation complex ➔ amino acid activation ➔ translation

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27
Q

What is transcription?

A

RNA is transcribed from a DNA template in the nucleus

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28
Q

What is RNA processing?

A

In eukaryotes, the RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) is spliced and modified to produce mRNA, which moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in the nucleus

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29
Q

What is the formation of initiation complex?

A

After leaving the nucleus, mRNA attaches to the ribosome in the cytoplasm

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30
Q

What is amino acid activation?

A

Each amino acid attaches to its proper tRNA with the help of a specific enzyme and ATP

31
Q

What is translation?

A

A succession of tRNAs add their amino acids to the polypeptide chain as the mRNA is moved through the ribosome one codon at a time in ribosomes

32
Q

What are purines?

A

Guanine and adenosine

33
Q

What are pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine and thymine

34
Q

What are the basic parts of a nucleotide?

A

Sugar, phosphate, base

35
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

Carry out protein synthesis either within the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope

36
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains the cell’s genetic information, enclosed in a nuclear envelope genetic info is stored in chromosomes

37
Q

What structures make a ribosome?

A

rRNA and polypeptide chains

38
Q

What structures make a nucleus?

A

Nuclear envelope, lamina, chromosomes/chromatin, nucelolus

39
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A

Carry out cellular macromolecule digestion through the process phagocytosis, where the lysosome consumes another body by engulfing it

40
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Separates the interior and exterior of cells with a semipermeable membrane that protects cells by regu

41
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

One of the intermediate filaments that gives cells their shape and structure

42
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Gives plants shape; protects and prevents the cell from taking in too much water; holds the plant up against the force of gravity

43
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Convert sunlight to chemical energy
Small sacs called thylakoids are stacked into structures called granum; stroma is the cellular fluid around the thylakoids that contain the chloroplast DNA

44
Q

What the structures make chloroplasts?

A

Thylakoids, granum, stroma

45
Q

What is the function of chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes help pass genetic information from parent to offspring cells and entire organisms

46
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

DNA provides the long-term storage of information such as the coding for proteins and genes

47
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Provides energy via cellular respiration; the cristae is the folded inner membrane that contains the mitochondrial matrix, which contains enzymes and ribosomes that catalyze cellular respiration

48
Q

Why are unsaturated and saturated fats important to membrane fluidity?

A

Phospholipids make up the cell membrane and the kinks in their chains keep them from solidifying

49
Q

What are glycoproteins and glycolipids and what are their functions?

A

Carbohydrates; Helps cells of different kinds distinguish themselves from one another

50
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

A carbohydrate attached to a protein

51
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

A carbohydrate attached to a lipid

52
Q

How does water/substances move across a semipermeable membrane?

A

Water/substances will move from the side with lower molar concentration to that of higher molar concentration

53
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

No energy required, proceeds until equilibrium is reached

54
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

The use of a transport protein to aid a specific molecule in crossing the cell membrane

55
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Allows molecules to flow through a concentration gradient with no energy

56
Q

What is active transport?

A

Requires energy to work against the concentration gradient

57
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Catalytic proteins

58
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Can lower activation energy needed for a rxn to happen. Has active sites where substrate binds. Can also use induced fit where the shape of the enzyme changes when bound to the substrate. Its shape can also change with other active sites being activated (Noncompetitive Inhibition)

59
Q

Define substrate.

A

Straight sub. The reactant worked on by the enzyme. (Cellulose or cellobiose)

60
Q

Define product.

A

The result of the reaction. (Cellobiase)

61
Q

Define active site.

A

Area on enzyme where substrate binds and fits to be acted upon by the enzyme

62
Q

Define cofactor.

A

A non-protein helpers to enzymes (Zinc)

63
Q

Define competitive inhibitors.

A

Chemicals that binds to the active site of the enzyme that prevents the substrate from binding there.

64
Q

Define noncompetitive inhibitors.

A

Chemicals that binds to another active site on the enzyme that changes its shape and active site (Sarin, pesticides DDT, and parathion)

65
Q

How do competitive inhibitors work?

A

Competitive Inhibitors attach to the active site and create a new shaped enzyme.

66
Q

How do noncompetitive inhibitors work?

A

Noncompetitive Inhibitors attach to another active site on the enzyme that changes its overall shape, including other active sites on the enzyme

67
Q

What are endergonic reactions?

A

Overall increase in Gibb’s free energy, anabolic

68
Q

What are exergonic reactions?

A

Overall decrease in Gibb’s free energy, catabolic

69
Q

What is water potential?

A

Water potential is the potential of water to LEAVE an area. High water potential means high potential to leave

70
Q

Why is beneficial for cells to have a greater surface area?

A

A greater Surface area to volume ratio is better because a greater surface area allows for more nutrients and needed materials to come in.

71
Q

How do you find initial rate of reaction?

A

It is the (amount of product after 1 min) / 1 min.

72
Q

Define the Hardy-Weinberg variables.

A

ALLELE frequencies: p + q = 1

p: frequency of the dominant allele
q: frequency of the recessive allele

GENOTYPE frequencies: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

p2: frequency of Homozygous dominant individuals
2pq: frequency of heterozygous individuals
q2: frequency of homozygous recessive individuals

73
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

If _____ Then _____. Any differences will be due to chance.

AP Biology (11 decks)

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