CH 5 and 6

Question 1

location of light dependent reaction

Answer 1

thylakoid membrane (inside chloroplast)

Question 2

inputs of light dependent reaction

Answer 2

light energy
12 water
12 nadp+
18 ADP + Pi

Question 3

outputs of LDR

Answer 3

6 oxygen
12NADPH (electron carrier)
18 ATP (energy carrier)

Question 4

inputs of LIR

Answer 4

6 CO2
12 NADPH
18 ATP

Question 5

outputs of LIR

Answer 5

Glucose
6 Water
12 NADP+
18 ADP + Pi

Question 6

purpose of LDS

Answer 6

To capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)

Splits water (photolysis) to release oxygen as a by-product

Question 7

location of LIS

Answer 7

stroma (fluid part of chloroplast)

Question 8

purpose of LIS

Answer 8

To use the energy from ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide and make glucose

Question 9

location of glycolysis

Answer 9

cytosol
(outside mitochondria)

Question 10

inputs of glycolysis

Answer 10

Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)
2 ADP + Pi
2 NAD⁺ 2H+

Question 11

outputs of glycolysis

Answer 11

2 Pyruvate
2 ATP (net gain)
2 NADH

Question 12

purpose of glycolysis

Answer 12

breaks glucose in half to make pyruvate

Produces a small amount of ATP and NADH

Question 13

inputs of krebs cycle

Answer 13

2 Acetyl-CoA (Pyruvate converted to )

2 ADP + Pi

2 FAD+ 4H+

6 NAD⁺ + 6H+

Question 14

location of krebs cycle

Answer 14

mitochondrial matrix

Question 15

outputs of krebs cycle

Answer 15

4 CO₂

2 ATP

6 NADH

2 FADH₂

Question 16

purpose of krebs cycle

Answer 16

Strips electrons from carbon compounds

Loads up NADH and FADH₂ with high-energy electrons

Releases carbon dioxide as waste

Question 17

location of etc

Answer 17

Inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)

Question 18

inputs of etc

Answer 18

10 NADH

2 FADH₂

6 O₂

26/28 ADP + Pi

Question 19

outputs of etc

Answer 19

6 H₂O

10 NAD+ 10H+
2 FAD+ 4H+

26/28 ATP

Question 20

purpose of etc

Answer 20

Uses electrons from NADH & FADH₂ to create a proton gradient

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor → forms water

Produces most of the ATP!

Question 21

ATP synthase

Answer 21

catalyses adp+pi -> atp in thylakoid membrane

Question 22

nadph

Answer 22

carries electrons and hydrogen ions between stages

Question 23

rubisco

Answer 23

key for carbon fixation - calvin cycle

Question 24

enzymes

Answer 24

regulate each step of biochemical pathways -> ensure reactions are sped up and controlled

Question 25

c4 plants

Answer 25

LIS separated into 2 cells. initial carbon fixation (mesophyll cells) is separated from the rest of the calvin cycle (bundle sheath cells)

Question 26

cam plants

Answer 26

seperate LIS and LDP temporally (overtime) night - open stomata - co2 goes in and gets fixed into 4C molecule by PEP carbocylase final 4C molecule is stored in vacuoles within mesophyll cells Daytime - Malate or other 4C molecule trasported out. gets broken down. release co2. joins calvin cycle. makes glucose. controlled release of molecules out of vacuoles ensures a high concentration of co2 around rubisco but it requires more atp

Question 27

anaerobic fermentation

Answer 27

energy producing process that occurs w/o oxygen (to regenerate NAD + so glycolosis can continue and produce atp)

Question 28

conditions and impact on anaerobic fermentation

Answer 28

no o2 -> stops ETC and KC o2 is final proton acceptor w/o it nadph and fadh2 cant unload so nad+ and FAD arent regenerated KC halts due to lack of unloaded enzymes

Question 29

how does atp get produced when there is no o2

Answer 29

only glycolysis continues so glucose -> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + NADH etc isnt working so cells use germentation reaction to convert NADH to NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue

Question 30

anaeraboic fermentation equations

Answer 30

animals glucose -> 2 lactic acid + 2 atp (excess LA is toxic as it lowers pH) plants glucose -> 2ethanol + 2co2 + atp ethanol builds up (toxic is accumulated)