Ch. 5 Quiz Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
4 Tissue Categories
A
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Nervous
- Muscular
2
Q
Structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of two or more tissue types
A
Organ
3
Q
The study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs
A
Histology
4
Q
A group of similar cells and cell products working together to perform a specific role in an organ
A
Tissue
5
Q
How do tissue types differ?
A
- Types and functions of their cells
- Characteristics of the matrix (extracellular material)
- Relative amount of space occupied by cells vs matrix
6
Q
What is the matrix (extracellular material) composed of?
A
- Fibrous proteins
- Ground substance ( aka tissue fluid, extracellular fluid, interstitial fluid )
7
Q
Tissue is sliced into thin sections one or two cells thick
A
Histological sections
8
Q
Tissue is mounted on slides and artificially colored with histological stain
A
Stains
9
Q
Histological section that cuts tissue on its long axis ( vertical )
A
Longitudinal section
10
Q
Histological section that cuts tissue perpendicular to long axis of organ (horizontal)
A
Cross-section or transverse section
11
Q
Histological section that cuts tissue at an angle ( diagonal )
A
Oblique section
12
Q
Tissue is rubbed across a slide; ex: blood
A
Smear
13
Q
Some membranes and cobwebby tissues are laid out on a slide; ex: areolar tissue
A
Spread
14
Q
- Sheets of closely adhering cells, one or more cells thick
- Covers body surfaces and lines body cavities
- Avascular (does not have blood vessels)
A
Epithelia
15
Q
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
A
- Protect deeper tissue from injury and infections
- Produce and release chemical secretions (oil, sweat)
- Excrete wastes
- Absorb chemical including nutrients
- Selectively filter substances
- Sensation
16
Q
Does epithelial tissue have a high or low rate of mitosis?
A
High; it undergoes cell division very quickly, cells are replaced constantly
17
Q
Layer between an epithelium and underlying connective tissues
- Anchor / attachment point
A
Basement Membrane
18
Q
Surface of epithelial cell facing the basement membrane
A
Basal surface
19
Q
Surface of epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane
A
Apical surface
20
Q
A single layer of cells that’s in direct contact with the basement membrane
A
Simple epithelium
21
Q
Multiple layers of cells, with the deepest layer anchored to the basement membrane
A
Stratified epithelium
22
Q
What are the 4 types of epithelia with only one layer of cells?
A
- Simple squamous (tiny, scaly cells)
- Simple cuboidal (square or round cells)
- Simple columnar (tall, narrow cells)
- Pseudostratified columnar
23
Q
- Single row of thin cells
- Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances
- Absorbs things very quickly
- Absorption and secretion
A
Simple squamous epithelium
24
Q
Where are simple squamous epithelium found?
A
Alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium
25
- Single layer of square or round cells
- Absorption and secretion
Simple cuboidal epithelium
26
Where are simple cuboidal epithelium found?
Liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles and kidney tubules
27
- Single row of tall, narrow cells
- Oval nuclei in basal half of cell
- Brush border (cilia) of microvilli
- Absorption and secretion; secretion of mucus
Simple columnar epithelium
28
Where are simple columnar epithelium found?
Lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, uterine tubes
29
How are stratified epithelia named?
Based of the shapes of their apical surface cells
30
- Range from 2-20 or more layers of cells
- Some cells rest directly on others
- Only deepest layer attaches to basement membrane
Stratified epithelia
31
How are cells replaced in stratified squamous epithelia?
Deepest layer undergo continuous mitosis. Cells are being replaced at the basement, and then are moved up
32
What is the most widespread epithelium in the body?
Stratified squamous
33
Two types of stratified squamous epithelium
Keratinized and non-keratinized
34
- Found on skin surface
- Abrasion resistant
- Multiple cell layers
- Cells become flat and scaly toward surface
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
35
Functions of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- Resists abrasion
- Hinders water loss through skin
- Resists penetration by pathogenic organisms
36
Where are keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?
Epidermis (palms and soles are heavily keratinizied)
37
- Lacks surface layer of dead cells
- All cells are living
- Resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
38
Where are non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?
Tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, vagina
39
- Two or more cell layers
- Surface cells square or round
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
40
What are the functions or stratified cuboidal epithelium?
Secretes sweat, produces sperm, produces ovarian hormones
41
Where are stratified cuboidal epithelium found?
Sweat gland ducts and ovarian follicles
42
A diverse, abundant type of tissue in which cells occupy less space than matrix
- Most cells are not in direct contact with each other
Connective tissue
43
Does cartilage have high blood flow?
No; cartilage has few or no blood vessels
44
Why do cartilage piercings take longer to heal and have a higher risk for infection?
A lack of blood flow
45
Functions of connective tissue
- Connecting organs - Support
- Physical protection - Immune protection
- Movement - Storage
- Heat production - Transport
46
Produce fibers and ground substance of matrix
Fibroblasts
47
Phagocytosis and activate immune system when they sense foreign matter (antigens)
Macrophages
48
White blood cells
Leukocytes
- Neutrophils attack bacteria
- Lymphocytes target bacteria, toxins, and other foreign agents
49
Antibodies in fibrous connective tissue
Plasma proteins
50
Found alongside blood vessels in fibrous connective tissue
Mast cells
51
Functions of mast cells
- Secrete heparin to inhibit clotting
- Secrete histamine to dilate blood vessels
52
Store triglycerides (fat molecules) in fibrous connective tissue
Adipocytes
53
What 3 fibers is fibrous connective tissue made out of?
1. Collagenous fibers
2. Reticular fibers
3. Elastic fibers
54
- Most abundant of the body's proteins
- Tough, flexible and stretch-resistant
- Less visible in matrix of cartilage and bone
Collagenous fibers
55
Tendons, ligaments, and deep layer of the skin are mostly ________.
Collagen
56
Thin collagen fibers that form framework of spleen and lymph nodes
Reticular fibers
57
- Thin fibers that branch and rejoin each other
- Made of elastin which allows for stretch and recoil
Elastic fibers
58
2 types of loose connective tissue
1. Areolar
2. Reticular
59
Loose vs Dense connective tissue
Loose has gel-like ground substance between cells.
Dense has fibers between cells.
60
- Loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels, and a lot of seemingly empty space
- Fibers run in random directions
Areolar tissue
61
Where is areolar tissue found?
It surrounds blood vessels and nerves. It is found in tissue sections from almost every part of the body.
62
Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers
Dense regular connective tissue
63
_______ attach muscles to bones and ________ hold bones together
Tendons; ligaments
64
Densely packed, randomly arranged collagen fibers and few visible cells
Dense irregular connective tissue
65
Function of dense irregular connective tissue
To withstand unpredictable stresses
66
Location of sense irregular connective tissue
Deeper layer of skin; capsules around organs
67
What is the dominant cell type in adipose tissue?
Adipocytes
68
Adipose tissue structure
Space between adipocytes is occupied by areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and blood capillaries
69
What is the body's primary energy reservoir?
Adipose tissue (fat)
70
Stiff connective tissue with flexible matrix that gives shape to ear, tip of nose, and larynx
Cartilage
71
Cartilage cells that produce the matrix that will trap them
Chondroblasts
72
Cartilage cells that are trapped in lacunae (cavities)
Chondrocytes
73
Sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds elastic and most of hyaline cartilage (protective sheath)
- Contains a reserve population of chondroblasts that contribute to cartilage growth throughout life
Perichondrium
74
Types of cartilage
1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Fibrocartilage
3. Elastic cartilage
75
Cartilage with clear, glassy appearance because of fineness of collagen fibers
Hyaline cartilage
76
Functions of hyaline cartilage
Eases joint movement, holds airway open, moves vocal cords, growth of juvenile long bones
77
Cartilage containing large, coarse bundles of collagen fibers
Fibrocartilage
78
Functions of fibrocartilage
Resists compression and absorbs shock
