Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Ch. 5: The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Ch. 5: The Endocrine System Flashcards

(48 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are peptide hormones?

A
  • derived from larger precursor proteins that are cleaved during posttranslational modification
  • modified by the golgi that activates the hormones
  • charged (polar) and cannot pass through the plasma membrane so binds to an extracellular recetor (first messenger) which triggers a second signal (second messenger), —- signal cascade that can induce amplification of the signal
  • rapid onset of effects but short lived
  • since polar can travel freely in the blood and do not need a special carrier
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A
  • derived from cholesterol
  • produced by gonads and adrenal cortex
  • nonpolar and can easily cross teh cell membrane
  • intracellular or intranuclear receptors
  • after binding the steroid hormone-receptor complex undergoes conformational changes and the receptor can bind directly DNA
  • increased or decreased transcription of particular genes
  • slower and longer lived effect than peptide hormones since there is gene regulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are amino acid-derivative hormones?

A
  • epinephrine, norepinephrine, triiodyothyronine, thyroxine
  • derived from one or two amino acids with modifications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are direct hormones?

A

secreted and act directly on target tissue
major effects on non-endocrine tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

require an intermediary to act
major effects on other endocrine tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

A

uses tropic hormones to regulate the pituitary gland
can cause whole body effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

occurs when a hormone/product later in the pathway inhibits hormones/enzymes earlier in the pathway
stop production of substances that are already present in sufficient quantities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the hpophyseal portal system?

A

blood vessel system that directly connects the hypothalamus with the anterioir pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The hypothalamus secretes…

How does the anterior pituitary gland respond to GnRH?

A

FSH and LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The hypothalamus secretes…

How does the anterior pituitary gland respond to GHRH?

A

growth hormone (GH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The hypothalamus secretes…

How does the anterior pituitary gland respond to TRH (thyroid-releasing hormone)?

A

thyriod-stimulatin hormone TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The hypothalamus secretes…

How does the anterior pituitary gland respond to CRF (corticotropin-releasing factor)?

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The hypothalamus secretes…

How does the anterior pituitary gland respond to prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF or dopamine)?

A

inhibit release of prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does the posterioir pituitary recieve signals?

A

neurons in the hypothalamus send their axons down the pituitary stalk directly into the posterioir pituitary
the release oxytocin (uterine contractions in labor and lactation) and ADH/vasopressin (increases reabsorption of water in collectin ducts of the kidneys)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the products of the anterioir pituitary?

A

FLAT PEG
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyriod-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Prolactin
Endorphins
Growth hormone (GH)

FLAT - tropic hormones
PEG - direct hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does FSH do?

A

promotes development of ovarian follicles and spermatogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does LH do?

A

promotes ovulation and testosterone production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

promotes synthesis and release of glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does TSH do?

A

promotes synthesis and release of triiodothyronine and thyroxine from the thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does prolactin do?

Study These Flashcards
A

promotes milk production

21
Q

What do endorphines do?

Study These Flashcards
A

decrease perception of pain and produce euphoria

22
Q

What does GH do?

Study These Flashcards
A

promotes growth of bone and muscle

23
Q

What does the posterioir pituitary do?

Study These Flashcards
A

has nerve terminals of neurons with cell bodies in hypothalamus
recieves and stores ADH and oxytocin
does not syntehsize any hormones

24
Q

What does ADH/vasopressin do?

Study These Flashcards
A

secreted in response to low blood volume or increased blood osmolarity
increases reabsorption of water in collecting duct of nephron
increases blood volume and decreases blood osmolarity

25
What does oxytocin do?
promotes uterine contractions during childbirth and promotes milk ejection in lactation unusual to have a positive feedback loop
26
What controls the thyroid?
thyroid stimulating hormone from anterioir pituitary
27
What is the role of the thyroid?
set basal metabolic rate and promote calcium homeostasis
28
What are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)?
- produced by follicular cells - contain iodine - increase basal metabolic rate - alter use of glucose and fatty acids
29
What is calcitonin?
- poduced by parafollicular cells - decreases plasma calcium levels by promoting calcium excretion in the kidneys, decreaes calcium absorption in the gut, and promoting calcium storage in bone
30
What are parathyroid glands?
four small structures that sit on posterioir surface of thyroid produce parahyroid hormone (PTH)
31
What does PTH do?
- raises blood calcium levels by decreasing excretion of calcium by the kidneys and increases absorption of calcium in the gut and increases bone resorption - activates vitamin D to have calcium and phosphate absorption in the gut
32
What are the adrenal glands?
on top of the kidneys adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and cortical sex hormones)
33
# adrenal cortex What are glucocorticoids?
regulate glucose levels and affect protein metabolism Ex. cortisol and cortisone (increase gluconeogenesis and decrease protein synthesis to raise blood glucose, inhibit the immune system, and participate in stress response) release is stimulated by ATCH
34
# adrenal cortex What are mineralocorticoids?
used in salt and water homeostasis, most effects are on kidneys
35
# mineralcorticoid What does aldosterone do?
- increases sodium reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the nephron - water follows sodium cations into the bloodstream and increases blood volume and pressure - increases potassium and hydrogen ion excretion - activity is regulated by the renin-angiotenisin-aldosterone system
36
Explain the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
1. decreased blood pressure 2. juxtaglomerular cells in kidney secrete renin 3. antiotensinogen into angiotenin I 4. angiotensin I into andiotensin II by antiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 5. antiotensin II stimultes adrenal cortex 6. aldosterone is released 7. increases blood pressure and cardiac output 8. decreased drive to stimulate renin (negative feedback)
37
Wat are cortical sex hormones?
Ex. androgens and estrogens
38
What is the adrenal medulla?
inside the adrenal cortex production of epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines) glycogenolysis: increase metabolic rate, increase heart rate, dilate bronchi, shunt blood flow to the systems
39
What does the pancreas do?
exocrine (secrete substances directly into ducts) and endocrine functions hormone producing cells are group together into islets of Langerhans throughout the pancreas islets have alpha, belta and delta cells
40
# secreted by alpha cells What is glucagon?
glucagon increases glucose production when glucose levels are low stimulatin protein and fat degradation, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
41
# secreted by beta cells What is insulin?
secreted when blood glucose leves are high and causes muscle and liver cells to take up glucose and store it as glycogen for later
42
# secreted by delta cells What is somatostatin?
inhibitor of both insulin and glucagon secretion secreted by high blood glucose and amino acid concentrations
43
What is the role of the testes?
secrete testosterone in response to LH and FSH
44
What is the role of the ovaries?
secrete estrogen and progesterone in response to LH and FSH (gonadotropins)
45
What is the pineal gland?
located in the brain and secretes melatonin
46
What is erythropoietin?
produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in blood stimulates bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells
47
What is atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
released by the heart promotes excretion of salt and wate rin the kidneys in response to stretching of the atria (high blood volume)
48
What is thymosin?
released by the thymus helps with proper T0cell deveopment and differentiation

Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions