Ch. 5: The Genetics Of Bacteria And Their Viruses

Question 0

Transduction

Answer 0

Partial genome transfer by DNA uptake

Question 1

Recombination

Answer 1

When bacteria and/or phases undergo an exchange of genes. 3 types: conjugation, transformation, and transduction

Question 2

Conjugation

Answer 2

Bacteria that are connected can transfer plasmid or partial genome during conjugation

Question 3

Transduction

Answer 3

Virus attaches to bacteria, then partial bacteria genome becomes part of virus genome and that can transfer to other bacteria

Question 4

Are all bacteria haploid or diploid?

Answer 4

Haploid

Question 5

Auxotroph

Answer 5

Bacteria that cannot grow in minimal medium

Question 6

Prototroph

Answer 6

Bacteria that can grow in minimal medium

Question 7

Lag phase

Answer 7

Growth in bacteria is slow at first

Question 8

Log phase

Answer 8

Comes after lag phase, it is the period of rapid growth

Question 9

Stationary phase

Answer 9

The last phase in bacteria where no additional growth or cell division occurs

Question 10

What is the basic process of conjugation

Answer 10

• involves genetic exchange from one bacterium to another
• also involves genetic recombination but in this case means the replacement of genes rather than exchange
• but can use this replacement as mapping indication and so can map genes in bacteria as well

Question 11

Who performed the original experiment for conjugation

Answer 11

Lederberg and Tatum

-took multiple auxotrophic strains of E Coli and crossed them in medium which resulted in prototrophs (recombination must have occurred)

Question 12

Explain F+ and F- Bacteria

Answer 12

The two types of bacteria in Lederberg and Tatums cross. A conjugation tube called the F pilus or sex pilus is formed between the mating bacteria

Question 13

Sex pilus

Answer 13

Served to draw bacteria together until they share a common boundary

Question 14

F factor

Answer 14

Also called the fertility factor that allows bacteria to donate part of their chromosome during conjugation

Question 15

F+ X F- mating

Answer 15

Nearly resulted in all F- becoming F+. The F factor can pass from one cell to another replicate in recipient and make the recipient an F+ type

DO NOT GET RECOMBINATION, only the donation of the F factor

Question 16

High-frequency recombinants Hfr

Answer 16

When few F+ bacteria become this type, they were capable of producing recombinant recipients

Question 17

Who performed the famous interrupted meeting experiment and what was the experiment

Answer 17

Wollman and Jacob

Putting bacteria in a blender to disrupt mating and resulted in recipients remaining F- Which suggested that the F factor did not get transferred

Question 18

Merozygote

Answer 18

part of bacterial chromosome gets in consisting of one complete genome

Question 19

Exogenote

Answer 19

Part of bacterial chromosome gets in and has a partial genome

Question 20

What are the units of mapping based on

Answer 20

minutes

Question 21

What happens if the F factor becomes dissattached from the bacterial chromosome

Answer 21

The Hfr cell becomes F+ and can pick up a and b genes

Question 22

what happens to the small pieces of DNA taken up by transformation

Answer 22

Like conjugation must be integrated into the bacterial genome

Question 23

What is the process of transformation

Answer 23

Starts when DNA outside of bacteria binds at receptor site on a competent bacterial cell (must be in a state of competence)

then DNA is passed into the cell active transport, and one of the two strands of DNA is degraded leaving only one left

Finally the surviving DNA strand pairs with homologous region which it replaces

Question 24

What is the final product of transformation after replication

Answer 24

Get one cell with original genotype but the other has transformed genes

Question 25

Linked genes

Answer 25

Genes carried on DNA that get transformed are obviously close to each other on the chromosome

Question 26

Phases

Answer 26

Viruses that attack bacteria

Question 27

What happens when a virus binds to bacteria

Answer 27

Bacteria DNA, RNA, and protein production stops and phage DNA is transferred into bacteria and starts replicating

Question 28

Lysozyme

Answer 28

An enzyme that is distructive to bacteria

Question 29

Lysis

Answer 29

When a bacterial cell bursts

Question 30

Components of a phage

Answer 30

Tail, head, tail fibers

Question 31

How are phages reproduced

Answer 31

Components of phage are produced linked together and get new phages

Question 32

Plaques

Answer 32

Clear areas where all bacteria have been lysed

Question 33

Lysogeny

Answer 33

When some phages do not go through the lyric cycle, INSTEAD DNA from phage integrates onto chromosome

Question 34

Prophage

Answer 34

Integrated DNA

Question 35

Temperate phages

Answer 35

Can lyse the cell or act as prophage

Question 36

Virulent phage

Answer 36

Can only lyse the cell

Question 37

Lysogenic

Answer 37

Bacteria that has prophage

Question 38

Episome

Answer 38

Viral DNA that can replicate either in bacterial cytoplasm or as part of the bacterial chromosome

Question 39

Generalized Transduction

Answer 39

Occurs when any region of the bacterial chromosome is mistakenly packaged Can occur by either lytic or temperate phages

Question 40

Complete transduction

Answer 40

DNA sometimes integrates into bacterial genome and then can replicate with it

Question 41

Abortive transduction

Answer 41

If DNA does not integrate, it sits outside the bacterial cell chromosome and is passed from cell to cell and cannot replicate

Question 42

Specialized transduction

Answer 42

When a prophage makes a mistake during detachment and carries a bacterial gene or two in place of its own DNA Makes a defective phage

Question 43

Negative interference

Answer 43

Recombination that gives more doubles than expected

Question 44

Complementation

Answer 44

Occurs when two strains of an organism with different mutations that produce the same phenotype Ex. Bacteria that grows only on Plate B can grow on plate K when crossed with a bacteria after recombination

Question 45

A group of mutations is said to be in the same...

Answer 45

Cistron, or functional genetic unit