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Anatomy > Ch. 6 > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 functions of the skeletal system?

A

support | protection | movement | electrolyte balance | acid-base balance | blood formation | detoxification

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2
Q

What are tendons?

A

muscle to bone

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3
Q

What are ligaments?

A

bone to bone via joints

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4
Q

What are the 4 shapes of bones?

A

long | short | flat | irregular

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5
Q

What are long bones?

A

act as rigid levers of body

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6
Q

What are short bones?

A

same width and length | bones glide across each other

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7
Q

What are flat bones?

A

sandwiched, curvey wide thin | protect soft organs

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8
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

irregular shaped bones

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9
Q

What is bone tissue? What is it also called?

A

connective tissue with hardened matrix by calcium phosphate | osseous tissue

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10
Q

What is calcification?

A

hardening process of bone

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11
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of bones?

A

compact bone | spongy bone | diaphysis | epiphysis | periosteum | endosteum | epiphyseal plate

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12
Q

What is compact bone?

A

dense outer shell of bone

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13
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

fragile inner portion of bone

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14
Q

What is diaphysis?

A

shaft of compact bone

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15
Q

What is epiphysis?

A

enlarged ends of long bone, attaches to ligaments and tendons

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16
Q

What is periosteum?

A

outer sheath that covers bone

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17
Q

What is endosteum?

A

thin layer of reticular connective tissue lining marrow cavity

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18
Q

What is epiphyseal plate?

A

growth plate = area of hyaline cartilage that separates marrow spaces of epiphysis and diaphysis

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19
Q

What is epiphyseal line?

A

bony scar that marks where growth plate was

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20
Q

What are the 2 layers of the periosteum?

A

outer collagen layer | inner layer of osteogenic cells

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21
Q

What is the function of the epiphyseal line?

A

enable bone growth in length

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22
Q

Where is periosteum not found?

A

where there is articular cartilage

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23
Q

Where is periosteum not found?

A

where there is articular cartilage

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24
Q

What are the 4 bone cells?

A

osteogenic cells | osteoblasts | osteocytes | osteoclasts

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25
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A

bone stem cells

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26
Q

Where are osteogenic cells found? 3 locations.

A

endosteum | inner periosteum | central canals

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27
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

bone forming cells

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28
Q

What do osteoblasts originate from?

A

osteogenic cells

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29
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

mature bone cells trapped in lacunae

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30
Q

What cells do osteocytes originate from?

A

osteoblasts

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31
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

bone-dissolving macrophages that absorb bone fragment/tissues

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32
Q

What cells do osteoclasts originate from?

A

bone marrow stem cells

33
Q

What is remodeling of bone?

A

combined action of bone dissolving osteoclasts and bone making osteoblasts

34
Q

What are the 7 main structures of long bone?

A

compact outer bone | spongy inner bone | diaphysis | epiphysis | periosteum | medullary cavity | articular cartilage

35
Q

Why is there articular cartilage on long bones? Where is it?

A

layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the joint surface of bone on epiphysis

36
Q

What is the medullary cavity of long bones?

A

bone marrow cavity

37
Q

What are the 2 structures that make up spongy bone?

A

trabeculae and spicules

38
Q

What is trabeculae?

A

thin plates of bone

39
Q

What is spicules?

A

rods and spines made up of bone

40
Q

What are the 5 components of compact bones?

A

osteon | nutrient foramina | perforating canals | circumferential lamellae | interstitial lamellae

41
Q

What are the 5 components of an osteon?

A

concentric lamellae | lacunae | canaliculi | central canal | nerves and vessels

42
Q

What is the nutrient foramina?

A

small holes in bone surface that allow vessels/nerves to penetrate

43
Q

What are perforating canals?

A

transverse or diagonal canals

44
Q

What is circumferential lamellae?

A

inner and outer boundaries of dense bone

45
Q

What is interstitial lamellae?

A

old osteon remains that broke down

46
Q

What is the central canal also called?

A

Haversian canal

47
Q

What are the 2 parts that make up the osseous matrix?

A

by dry weight = 1/3 organic + 2/3 inorganic

48
Q

What 4 components make up the organic matter of the osseous matrix?

A

collagen | carbohydrates | protein complexes | glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

49
Q

What 3 components make up the inorganic matter of the osseous matrix? (add %)

A

85% hydroxyapatite | 10% calcium carbonate | 5% other minerals

50
Q

What cell makes the components of the organic portion of the osseous matrix?

A

osteoblasts

51
Q

What is hydroxyapatite?

A

crystallized calcium phosphate

52
Q

What is hydroxyapatite?

A

crystallized calcium phosphate

53
Q

What is bone marrow?

A

soft tissue in medullary cavity of long bone and trabeculae of spongy bone

54
Q

What is hemopoietic tissue?

A

makes blood cells

55
Q

What is red marrow?

A

myeloid tissue that actively makes blood cells = contains hemopoietic tissue

56
Q

Where is red marrow found in adults? 7 locations.

A

skull | vertebrae | ribs | sternum | pelvic girdle | humerus proximal head | femur proximal head

57
Q

Where is red marrow found in children?

A

in all bones

58
Q

What is yellow marrow?

A

red marrow that no longer makes blood cells and turned into fatty tissue

59
Q

Where is yellow marrow found?

A

in center of long bones

60
Q

What are the 2 forms of ossification?

A

intramembranous | endochondral

61
Q

What bones does intramembranous ossification make?

A

flat bones

62
Q

What is the origin of intramembranous ossification?

A

mesenchymal cells and mesenchyme

63
Q

What bones does endochondral ossification make?

A

all other bones

64
Q

What is the origin of endochondral ossification?

A

perichondrium + hyaline cartilage

65
Q

What is metaphysis?

A

transitory region from cartilage to bone

66
Q

What are the 4 nutritional factors for bone growth?

A

calcium & phosphate | Vitamin A | Vitamin C | Vitamin D

67
Q

How does calcium and phosphate contribute to skeletal system?

A

raw materials for calcified ground substance

68
Q

How does Vitamin A contribute to skeletal system?

A

promotes formation of glycosaminoglycans

69
Q

How does Vitamin C contribute to skeletal system?

A

promotes collagen cross-linking

70
Q

How does Vitamin D contribute to skeletal system?

A

calcitrol = for calcium absorption

71
Q

What are the 4 hormonal factors necessary for bone growth?

A

calcitonin | growth hormones | estrogen/testosterone | parathyroid hormone (PTH)

72
Q

How does calcitonin contribute to skeletal system?

A

stimulates osteoblasts in kids and pregnant women

73
Q

Where is calcitonin secreted?

A

thyroid gland

74
Q

How does growth hormone contribute to skeletal system?

A

promotes absorption of Ca | stimulates growth plates and bone elongation

75
Q

How does estrogen/testosterone contribute to skeletal system?

A

stimulate long bone growth during adolescence

76
Q

How does parathyroid hormone contribute to skeletal system?

A

increases blood level calcium by promoting reabsorption via dissolving bone tissue

77
Q

Where is the parathyroid hormone secreted from?

A

parathyroid glands

78
Q

What is calcification?

A

deposition of calcium salts

Anatomy (8 decks)

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