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Microbiology Exam 2 > Ch 6 > Flashcards

Ch 6 Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Autotroph

A

Can make organic carbon from inorganic carbon (ex. CO2 into sugar, green plants/algae)

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2
Q

Heterotroph

A

Require premade organic carbon (ex. YOU)

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3
Q

Chemotroph

A

Break down organic molecules and converts the energy into covalent bonds into ATP. (Ex. Animals)

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4
Q

Phototroph

A

Convert energy in the sunlight into ATP (green plants, algae, cyanobacteria).

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5
Q

Photoautotroph

A

Use energy from sunlight to convert it into ATP and then produce organic carbon from inorganic carbon.

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6
Q

Photoheterotroph

A

Use sunlight to make ATP but require premade organic carbon.

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7
Q

Chemoautotroph

A

Breaks down organic molecules and converts it into covalent bonds and then into ATP in order to make organic carbon from inorganic carbon.

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8
Q

Chemoheterotroph

A

Break down organic molecules into ATP, but require organic carbon.

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9
Q

Growth requirements

A

Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, and energy .

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10
Q

Growth-limiting nutrient

A

No more nitrogen means no more growth as the cell cannot grow without protein/DNA.

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11
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Nitrogen (n2) from air converted into ammonia (nh3) found in water or ammonium (nh4)

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12
Q

Why is nitrogen fixation important?

A

It’s essential for life on the planet and is the basis for crop rotation.

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13
Q

Why can oxygen be toxic?

A

Oxygen can steal electrons from important cell parts, which causes irreversible damage

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14
Q

To survive in oxygen, a cell must be able to detoxify what? (hint 4 things)

A
  1. Superoxide radical
  2. Peroxide
  3. Hydroxyl radical
  4. Singlet oxygen
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15
Q

What do organisms that survive in oxygen have in order to destroy toxic oxygen?

A

They have vitamins or anti-oxidants (vitamin C, and E) to destroy toxic oxygen. Organisms without any of these will die.

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16
Q

Aerobes

A

Uses 02 in metabolism

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17
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Require oxygen for metabolism
Ex. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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18
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Considered to be aerobe because it grows best in oxygen, however it can survive without it, as it has metabolic pathways for both anaerobic and aerobic.
Ex. E-coli

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19
Q

Microaerophiles

A

Uses 02 in metabolism, but not always required, and can only tolerate oxygen in amounts less than the atmospheric concentration (less than 18%; prefer 3-10%) Ex. Helicobacter pylori (live in intestines)

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20
Q

Anaerobes

A

Do not use 02 in metabolism

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21
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Killed by oxygen
Ex. Clostridium tetani (lives in soil)

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22
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

No aerobic metabolism, but can tolerate oxygen as it just doesn’t use it for metabolism. Ex. Lactobacillus acidophilus ( found in milk.)

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23
Q

Psychrophiles

A

Cold loving, found in snow, ice and cold water. Optimum temp is 10 c which means it never causes disease in humans.
Organisms include algae, fungi, and bacteria.

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24
Q

Mesophiles

Study These Flashcards
A

Optimum temp between 20-40 c; found in humans/animals and include pathogens and normal flora.

25
Thermophiles
Optimum temp is 40-80 c, live in compost piles and Hot Springs
26
Hyperthermophiles
Optimum temp is 40-80 c; found in hot springs and include mostly archaea and some bacteria. They have special membranes, Nucleic acids, and enzymes which allow them to survive at high temps
27
Neutrophiles
Optimum is near neutral (6.5-7.5); includes most organisms.
28
Acidophiles
Grow best in acidic environments, often times produce the acid
29
Obligate acidophiles
Require acidic environment, found in Hot Springs and water runoff from mines
30
Acid-tolerant
Can tolerate acidic environments, many used in food industry
31
Alkalinophiles
Grow best in alkaline environment, found in soil and water up to pH of 11.5
32
Osmolarity
Difference of solute inside vs outside cell
33
Halophiles
Grow best in hypertonic environment (up to 30% salt!) will explode in fresh water, found in great Salt Lake and salt Ponds
34
Facultative halophiles
Do not require, but grow best in high salt environment. Ex. Staphylococcus aureus
35
Hydrostatic pressure
Water, exerts pressure in proportion to its depth. One atm of pressure for every 10m.
36
Barophiles
Live at very high pressures at the bottom of the ocean. Require high pressure in order to maintain membranes and enzyme structures.
37
Biofilms
Many species living together in a layer attached to a surface and is surrounded by glycolayx. Ex. River slime, dental plaque, shower drain, etc.
38
Quorum sensing
Change in Physiology in response to number of microbes present
39
Advantages of biofilms
Protected from the environment (drying, antibiotics, UV, chemicals, etc.) and different organisms play different metabolic rolls and can share resources aka co-op living.
40
Generation time
Time to complete binary fission. Cell= 2n where n= # of generations.
41
Growth curve
A graph that plots the number of organisms growing in a population over time.
42
Why are microbes hard to plot conventional graphs?
They are hard to plot due to the exponential growth, as well as it’s hard to distinguish real time counts and you would need a really big sheet of paper for later counts.
43
Logarithmic scale
Used for microbe growth chart, each unit is a factor of 10. Number of cells = logarithmic scale.
44
Lag phase
No/little increase in cell number, cells are preparing for growth by making enzymes, etc.
45
Log phase
Exponential growth occurs, lots of nutrients and low waste. More cells dividing than dying.
46
Stationary phase
No increase in cell number, due to limited nutrients and increase waste. Cells dividing are equal to the amount of sales dying.
47
Death phase
Out of nutrients and lots of waste, which is toxic and causes more cells to die, then divide.
48
Describe the carbon cycle
49
Describe how energy flows among organisms in an ecosystem
50
Explain the importance of phototrophs and autotrophs to all life
51
Why can’t some organisms tolerate oxygen?
52
Nitrogen is typically the growth-limiting nutrient, why is this?
53
How is nitrogen usually found in the environment?
54
What is nitrogen fixation? What type of organism does this?
55
Explain the importance of organisms that use nitrogen fixation to all life.
56
How does the concentration of a solution affect microbes?
57
Why are biofilms important to humans?
58
What are the four phases of microbial growth?
Lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, and death phase

Microbiology Exam 2 (5 decks)

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