Ch 6

Question 1

Antecedents

Answer 1

Events that precede a response.

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

A form of learning in which reflex responses are associated itch new stimuli.

Question 3

Operant conditioning

Answer 3

Learning based on the consequences of responding

Question 4

Unconditioned stimulus (us)

Answer 4

A stimulus innately capable of eliciting a response

Question 5

Unconditioned response (ur)

Answer 5

An innate reflex elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

Neutral stimulus (ns)

Answer 6

A stimulus that does not evoke a response

Question 7

Conditioned stimulus (cs)

Answer 7

A stimulus that evokes a response because it has been repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 8

Conditioned response (cr)

Answer 8

A learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus

Question 9

Acquisition

Answer 9

The period in conditioning during which a response is reinforced

Question 10

Higher-order conditioning

Answer 10

Classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus is used to reinforce further learning-that is, a conditioned stimulus is used as if it were a unconditioned stimulus.

Question 11

Extinction

Answer 11

The weakening of a conditioned response through removal of reinforcement

Question 12

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction.

Question 13

Stimulus generalization

Answer 13

Responding to similar stimuli as if they are the same thing.

Question 14

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 14

Distinguishing between similar stimuli

Question 15

Systematic desensitization

Answer 15

Reducing fear or anxiety by repeatedly exposing a person to emotional stimuli while the person is deeply relaxed

Question 16

Vicarious classical conditioning

Answer 16

Classical conditioning brought about by observing another person react to a particular stimulus.

Question 17

Law of effect

Answer 17

If doing something makes a good thing happen do it again and if doing something else results in something bad happening don’t do it.

Question 18

Operant conditioning chamber (Skinner box)

Answer 18

An apparatus designed to study operant conditioning in animals

Question 19

Superstitious behavior

Answer 19

A behavior repeated because it seems to produce reinforcement, even though it is actually unnecessary

Question 20

Response chain

Answer 20

A series of actions that eventually lead to reinforcement

Question 21

Shaping

Answer 21

Gradually molding response to a final desired pattern

Question 22

Operant extinction

Answer 22

The weakening or disappearance of a no reinforced operant response.

Question 23

Positive punishment

Answer 23

Any event that follows a response and decreases its likelihood of occurring again; the process of suppressing a response

Question 24

Negative punishment (response cost)

Answer 24

Removal of a positive reinforcer after a response is made

Question 25

Cognitive learning

Answer 25

Higher-learning involving thinking,knowing,understanding, and anticipation.

Question 26

Stimulus control

Answer 26

Stimuli present when operant response is acquired tend to control when and where the response is made

Question 27

Operant stimulus discrimination

Answer 27

The tendacy to make an operant response when stimulus previously associated with reward are present and to withhold the response when stimulus associated with non-reward are present.

Question 28

Discriminative stimulus

Answer 28

Stimuli that precede rewarded and non-rewarded responses in operant conditioning.

Question 29

Primary reinforcers

Answer 29

Non-learned reinforcers; usually those that satisfy physiological needs.

Question 30

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 30

A learned reinforcer; often one that gains reinforcing properties by association with a primary reinforcer.

Question 31

Token reinforcer

Answer 31

A tangible secondary reinforcer such as money, gold Stars, poker, and the like.

Question 32

Social reinforcer

Answer 32

Reinforcement based on receiving attention, approval, or affection from another person.

Question 33

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 33

A pattern in which a reinforce follows every correct response.

Question 34

Partial reinforcement

Answer 34

A pattern in which only a portion of all responses are reinforced.

Question 35

Partial reinforcement effect

Answer 35

More resistant to extinction

Question 36

Fixed ratio (fr) schedule

Answer 36

An arrangement where a set number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer.

Question 37

Variable ratio (vr) schedule

Answer 37

An arrangement where a varied number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer.

Question 38

Fixed interval (FI) schedule

Answer 38

an arrangement where a reinforcer is given only when a correct response is made after a set amount of time has passed since the last reinforced response.

Question 39

Variable interval (VI) schedule

Answer 39

An arrangement where a reinforcer is given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of time has passed the since the last reinforced response.

Question 40

Escape stimulus

Answer 40

Learning to make a response in order to end an aversive stimulus.

Question 41

Avoidance learning

Answer 41

Learning to make a response in order to postpone or prevent discomfort.

Question 42

Knowledge of results (KR)

Answer 42

Informational feedback

Question 43

Programmed instruction

Answer 43

Any learning format that presents information in small amounts, gives immediate practice, and provides continuous feedback to learners.

Question 44

Cognitive map

Answer 44

Internal images or other mental respire sensations of an area (a maze, a city, and so forth) that underlie an ability to choose alternative paths to the same goal.

Question 45

Latent learning

Answer 45

Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and that remains unexpressed until reinforcement is provided.

Question 46

Rote learning

Answer 46

Learning that takes place mechanically, through repetition and memorization, or by learning rules.

Question 47

Discovery learning

Answer 47

Learning based on insight and understanding

Question 48

Model (in learning )

Answer 48

A person who serves as an example in observational learning.

Question 49

Observational learning (modeling)

Answer 49

Learning achieved by watching and imitating the action of another or nothing the consequences of those actions.

Question 50

Premack principle

Answer 50

Any high-frequency response can be used to reinforce a low-frequency response