ch 6,7,12

Question 1

intracellular fluid

Answer 1

fluid inside the cells

Question 2

extracellular fluid

Answer 2

fluid outside of the cells

Question 3

interstitial fluid

Answer 3

water that surrounds the bodys cells and includes lymph

Question 4

intravascular fluid

Answer 4

bloods plasma; exits within arteries veins and capillaries

Question 5

transcellular fluid

Answer 5

those in specific compartments of the body, such as cerebrospinal fluid, digestive juices, and synovial fluid in joints

Question 6

the primary control of water in the body is

Answer 6

through pressure sensors in the vascular system that stimulate or inhibit the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 7

ADH

Answer 7

substances that causes the kidneys to excrete more fluid

Question 8

most common example of active transport

Answer 8

sodium-potassium pumps

Question 9

in passive transport

Answer 9

no energy is expended specifically to move the substances, general body movements aid passive transport

Question 10

diffusion

Answer 10

movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Question 11

Filtration

Answer 11

movement of both water and smaller molecules through a semi permeable membrane from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

Question 12

Osmosis

Answer 12

movement of water from an area of lower substance concentration across a semipermeable membrane to an area of higher concentration

Question 13

Isotonic

Answer 13

same osmolarity as blood

Question 14

hypertonic

Answer 14

higher osmolarity as blood

Question 15

hypotonic

Answer 15

lower osmolarity as blood

Question 16

sensible losses

Answer 16

losses which someone is aware of, like urination

Question 17

insensible losses

Answer 17

may occur without the person recognizing the loss

Question 18

most common form of dehydration

Answer 18

hypovolemia; loss of fluid in body resulting in decreased blood volume

Question 19

what is the process of third spacing

Answer 19

when fluid from intravascular space moves into interstitial spaces

Question 20

dehydration signs and symtoms

Answer 20

thirst, weak rapid pulse, low BP, dry skin and mucous membranes, skin tenting, decreased urine output, increased temp

Question 21

fluid excess signs and symptoms

Answer 21

bounding pulse, elevated BP, respiratory changes, edema, increased urine output, weight gain, heart failure

Question 22

electrolytes; cations

Answer 22

positive (+)

Question 23

electrolytes; Anions

Answer 23

Negative(-)

Question 24

hypo and hyper natremia

Answer 24

hypo- sodium deficit
hyper- sodium excess

Question 25

hyponatremia signs and symptoms

Answer 25

sodium less than 135, mental statues change, muscle weakness, nausea and vomiting

Question 26

hypernatremia signs and symptoms

Answer 26

sodium greater than 145, thirst, mental status change, seizures, muscle weakness, respiratory compromise

Question 27

hypo and hyper kalemia

Answer 27

hypo- potassium deficit hyper- potassium excess

Question 28

hypokalemia signs and symptoms

Answer 28

potassium lower than 3.5, muscle weakness, shallow respirations, mental status change, cardiac arrythmia and arrest

Question 29

hyperkalemia signs and symptoms

Answer 29

potassium greater than 5, muscle twitching and cramps, diarrhea, low BP, cardiac arrythmia and arrest

Question 30

hyper and hypo calcemia

Answer 30

hyper- calcium excess hypo- calcium deficit

Question 31

hypocalcemia signs and symptoms

Answer 31

calcium less than 9, mental status change, hyperactive deep tendon flexes,

Question 32

hypercalcemia signs and symptoms

Answer 32

cacium greater then 11, Increased HR and BP, skeletal muscle and weakness, decreased GI motility

Question 33

hypomagnesemia

Answer 33

magnesium less than 1.5, positive trousseu signs, positive chvostek sign, cardiac arrythmia and arrest

Question 34

hypermasnesemia

Answer 34

magnesium greater than 2.5, hypotension, lethargy, skeletal muscle weakness, respiratory failure

Question 35

acid

Answer 35

substance that releases a hydrogen ion

Question 36

Base (alkali)

Answer 36

substance that binds hydrogen

Question 37

normal ph

Answer 37

7.35-7.45

Question 38

what is the first attempt to return ph to its normal range

Answer 38

cellular buffers

Question 39

second attempt to restore ph

Answer 39

lungs

Question 40

slowest response to change in attempting to restore ph

Answer 40

kidneys

Question 41

acidosis

Answer 41

serum ph levels fall below 7.35

Question 42

alkalosis

Answer 42

serum ph level increases above 7.45

Question 43

where are most body fluids found

Answer 43

intracellular space

Question 44

which electrolyte is most critical to healthy cardiac rhythm

Answer 44

potassium

Question 45

indications for IV therapy

Answer 45

hydration, electrolyte replacement, med administration, blood product transfusion

Question 46

types of IV administration modes

Answer 46

continuous, intermittent (piggyback), direct/IV push, patient controlled analgesia

Question 47

peripheral veins lie

Answer 47

beneath the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue

Question 48

central veins

Answer 48

deeper and located closer to the heart

Question 49

central venous access devices

Answer 49

non tunneled central catheter, tunneled catheter, PICC, implanted vascular port

Question 50

local complications with IV

Answer 50

hematoma, thrombosis,infiltration, infection, spasm, nerve injury

Question 51

systemic complications with IV

Answer 51

septicemia, circulatory overload, venous air embolism, speed shock

Question 52

what is parenteral nutrition for

Answer 52

for patients who cannot eat or tolerate tube feedings, promotes wound healing, treats cancer cachexia

Question 53

hypodermoclysis

Answer 53

process of administering isotonic solutions and limit medicatoins subq

Question 54

emergency surgery level

Answer 54

immediate surgery needed to save life or limb without delay

Question 55

urgent surgery level

Answer 55

surgery needed within 24-30 hours

Question 56

elective surgery level

Answer 56

planned/schedule with no time requirement

Question 57

optional surgery level

Answer 57

surgery requested by patient (cosmetic)

Question 58

preoperative surgery phase

Answer 58

begins with decision for surgery and ends with transfer to operating room

Question 59

intraoperative surgery phase

Answer 59

begins with transfer to operating room and ends with admission to perianesthesia care unit (PACU)

Question 60

postoperative surgery phase

Answer 60

begins with admission to PACU and continues until recovery is complete

Question 61

atelectasis

Answer 61

collapse of alveoli in or more areas of the lung, from hypoventilation or mucous obstruction

Question 62

malignant hyperthermia

Answer 62

potentially fatal hereditary muscular disease. disease that causes a fast rise in body temp and severe muscle contractions

Question 63

minimally invasive surgery is called

Answer 63

keyhole surgery

Question 64

general anesthesia

Answer 64

causes patient to lose consciousness sensation and reflexes

Question 65

local anesthesia

Answer 65

blocks nerve impulses along the nerve where it is injected, resulting in loss of sensation in part of the body