ch: 6,7,8,11 EXAM 3

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

the ability to store & retrieve information over time

Question 2

Primacy effect

Answer 2

refers to peoples tendency to more easily remember items at the beginning of a session

Question 3

Recency effect

Answer 3

refers to people tendency to more easily remember items at the end of a session.

Question 4

Schemas

Answer 4

make it easier to remember similar words

Question 5

3 key functions of memory

Answer 5

1.Encoding
2.Storage
3.Retireval

Question 6

Encoding

Answer 6

process in which our brains commit an event to memory

Question 7

types of encoding (3)

Answer 7

1.Semantic- relating new info to previously stored knowledge
2.Visual imagery -storing new info by relating to mental image
3.organizational- storing new info by categorizing relationships between items

Question 8

Encoding strategies (5)

Answer 8

1. Massed practice (lot of info in short amt of time/ cramming)
   2.Spacing effect (space out studying time)
   3.Mnemonics (acronyms)
2. effective encoding (practicing retrieving and reconstructing knowledge)
   5.retrieval practice (testing yourself, repeatedly)

Question 9

Storage

Answer 9

process of maintaining memory over different periods of time

Question 10

Sensory storage

Answer 10

storing memories for a few seconds or less

Question 11

short-term memory

Answer 11

storing memories longer than a few seconds, but less than a minute

Question 12

Working memory

Answer 12

when you actively store memories in your mind

Question 13

long-term memory

Answer 13

memory you store long term (days,weeks,months,years)

Question 14

Retrieval types (5)

Answer 14

1.recall (remember info out of thin air- birthday)
2.recognition (ability to recognize info when you see it)
3.relearning (learning something quicker when you’ve learned it before)
4.implicit memory (concept of relearning)
5.explicit memory (retrieving past experiences intentionally)

Question 15

learning

Answer 15

process of permanently acquiring new knowledge

Question 16

sensitization

Answer 16

presentation of a stimulus leads to a behavioral change in response to later stimuli

Question 17

habituation

Answer 17

prolonged exposure to a stimulus decreases frequency of a response

Question 18

classical conditioning

Answer 18

type of learning where a neutral stimulus elicits a response, after being paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits that response

Question 19

Ivon Pavlov

Answer 19

classically conditioned dogs to salivate at the tone of a metronome

Question 20

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 20

a stimulus that reliably elicits a response

Question 21

John watson

Answer 21

classically conditioned a baby to be afraid of a mouse by pairing the presence of mouse with a loud bang

Question 22

Unconditioned response

Answer 22

the response elicited by the stimulus

Question 23

conditioned stimulus

Answer 23

neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus to reliably elicit the same response

Question 24

spontaneous recovery

Answer 24

tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

Question 25

implicit learning

Answer 25

learning which happens passively through experiences

Question 26

explicit learning

Answer 26

learning which happens as an active process

Question 27

operant conditioning chamber

Answer 27

animal freely responds with a particular behavior and may do so at any rate or time

Question 28

reinforcement

Answer 28

aims to increase the frequency a desired behavior

Question 29

punishment

Answer 29

aims to decrease the frequency an undesired behavior

Question 30

positive operant conditioning

Answer 30

involves adding a stimulus to achieve reinforcement or punishment

Question 31

negative operant conditioning

Answer 31

involves removing a stimulus to achieve reinforcement or punishment

Question 32

motivation

Answer 32

internal causes of our purposeful behavior

Question 33

drives

Answer 33

internal state generated by physiological needs

Question 34

homeostasis

Answer 34

tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state

Question 35

drive-reduction theory

Answer 35

organisms are motivated to reduce their drives

Question 36

intrinsic motivation

Answer 36

motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding (ex. play sport bc its fun)

Question 37

extrinsic

Answer 37

motivation to take actions that lead to reward

Question 38

biological motivations

Answer 38

food,sex

Question 39

competence

Answer 39

need to be effective in dealing with environment

Question 40

relatedness

Answer 40

need to have a close, affectionate relationship with others

Question 41

emotions

Answer 41

a temporary, subjective state (response to behavior)

Question 42

james-lange theory

Answer 42

state that emotions are a result of experiences of physiological reactions in the body

Question 43

cannon-bard theory

Answer 43

emotions and bodily responses occur simultaneously

Question 44

charles darwin 3 principles of emotion

Answer 44

1.serviceable habits (emotion serve a purpose) 2.antithesis (opposing expressions and how they are portrayed- fear vs disgust) 3.direct action (of excited nervous system on body. ex- laughter)

Question 45

Paul Ekman 6 emotions

Answer 45

happiness surprise disgust fear sadness anger

Question 46

Tracys theory of emotions

Answer 46

different emotions are different adaptations based on the means to survive

Question 47

emotional contagion

Answer 47

when a person observes and then experiences the same emotion as another person

Question 48

Validity

Answer 48

how accurately you're measuring what you are trying to measure

Question 49

Personality

Answer 49

an individuals characteristic style of behaving,thinking,and feeling

Question 50

state

Answer 50

a frame of mind in the moment

Question 51

trait

Answer 51

a core piece of your identity

Question 52

dimensions of personality that are considered valid

Answer 52

- the big 5 (OCEAN- openness, conscientiousness, extraversion , agreeableness, neuroticism) -HEXACO( honesty, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to new experience)

Question 53

Nature

Answer 53

genetic component - traits are considered to be pre determined

Question 54

nuture

Answer 54

culture and upbringing (how and where you were raised)