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Bio 168 > Ch 6 A&P > Flashcards

Ch 6 A&P Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

Bone or (osseous tissue)

A

connective tissue that forms most of the skeleton

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2
Q

cartilage

A

semi-rigid tissue the is flexibility and has smooth surfaces that helps movement

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3
Q

skeletal system

A

contains bones, cartilage, help performs critical functions.
(helps support the body, movement, internal organs, blood cells, stores and releases minerals and fats)

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4
Q

Orthopedist (ortho- =”straight”; paed- = “child”)

A

specializes in treating and diagnosing injuries related to the musculoskeletal system

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5
Q

Yellow marrow

A

serve as source of energy

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6
Q

red marrow (hematopoiesis)

A

production of blood cells (red, white and platelets)

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7
Q

Long bone

A

cylinder shape
function: leverage
bones: femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpals, phalanges

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8
Q

Short

A

cube shape
functions: stability, some motion
bones: carpals, tarsals

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9
Q

flat

A

thin and curved
functions: attachment for muscles, protects internal organs
bones: sternum, ribs, scapulae, cranial bones

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10
Q

irregular

A

complex shape
functions: protects internal organs
bones: vertebrae, facial bones

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11
Q

sesamoid

A

small round; embedded in tendons
functions: protect tendons from forces
bones: patellae

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12
Q

diaphysis

A

tubular shaft and runs between proximal and distal ends of the bone

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13
Q

epiphysis (plural = epiphyses)

A

proximal and distal of the diaphysis

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14
Q

medullary cavity

A

hollow region that is filled with yellow marrow that is in the diaphysis

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15
Q

compact bone

A

walls of the diaphysis that are dense and hard

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16
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

growth plate

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17
Q

endosteum (end- =”inside”; oste- =”bone”)

A

growth, repair and remodeling

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18
Q

periosteum (peri- =”around” or “surrounding”)

A

outer surface of the bone which contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels to help nourish compact bone

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19
Q

articular cartilage

A

reduces friction and shock absorber

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20
Q

diploe

A

lined on either side of the compact bone, both compact and interior spongy bone work together to protect organs

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21
Q

Articulations

A

2 bones meet
ex: knee joint

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22
Q

head

A

rounded surface
ex: head of femur

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23
Q

facet

A

flat surface
ex: vertebrae

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24
Q

condyle

A

rounded surface
ex: occipital condyles

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25
projections
raised markings ex: spinous process of the vertebrae
26
protuberance
protruding ex: chin
27
process
prominence feature ex: transverse process of vertebra
28
spine
sharp process ex: ischial spine
29
tubercle
small rounded process ex: tubercle of humerus
30
line
slight, elongated ridge ex: temporal lines of the parietal bones
31
crest
ridge ex: lliac crest
32
holes
holes and depressions ex: foramen (blood vessels can pass through)
33
fossa
elongated basin ex: mandibular fossa
34
fovea
small pit ex: head of the femur
35
sulcus
groove ex: sigmoid sulcus of the temporal bones
36
canal
passage in bone ex: auditory canal
37
fissure
slit through bone ex: auricular fissure
38
foramen
hole through bone ex: magnum in the occipital bone
39
meatus
opening into canal ex: external auditory
40
Sinus
air filled space ex: nasal sinus
41
osteogenic
Stem cells function: develop into osteoblasts location: deep layer periosteum and the marrow
42
osteoblasts
forms bone matrix function: bone formation location: growing portions
43
osteocytes
Maintains bone tissue functions: mineral concentration of matrix location: entrapped in matrix
44
osteoclasts
resorbs bone function: bone resorption location: bone surface sites of old, injured and unneeded bone
45
lacuna
surrounded by bone tissue which is located in a space of the osteocyte
46
canaliculi (singular = canaliculus)
channels within bone matrix to communicate and receive nutrients
47
osteon
microscopic structural unit of the compact bone. they are composed of matrix called lamellae (singular = lamella)
48
central canal
contains blood vessels nerves and lymphatic vessels and runs down the center of each osteon
49
perforating canal
volksmann's canals which extend periosteum and endosteum
50
spongy bone aka (cancellous bone)
contains osteocytes housed in lacunae, and are not arranged in concentric circles
51
trabeculae ( singular = trabecula)
forms along lines of stress to provide strength to the bone. Making the muscle move more easily.
52
Paget's disease
bones are porous and curved, bones affected are pelvis, skull, spine and legs
53
nutrient foramen (plural = foramina)
arteries enter in which are small openings in the diaphysis. blood passes through marrow cavities collected by veins and then passes out of the bone through foramina
54
ossification (osteogenesis)
bone development in the 6th or 7th week
55
intramembranous ossification
sheets of mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tissue are directed from compact and spongy bone
56
ossification center
part of the osteoblasts will appear in a cluster that is spread out by the formation of bone tissue
57
osteoid
uncalcified matrix, calcifies (hardens) within a few days that the mineral salts deposited on therefor entrapping the osteoblasts within
58
endochondral ossification
where bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage
59
perichondrium
membrane which covers the cartilage
60
primary ossification center
deep in the periosteal collar where the ossification begins
61
secondary ossification center
where the matrix mineralization, death of chondrocytes, invasion of blood vessels from periosteum and seeding of osteogenic cells become osteoblasts are centers of the activity
62
reserve zone
closest to the epiphyseal end plate that contains small chondrocytes within the matrix
63
proliferative zone
next layer towards diaphysis, which contains stacks of slightly larger chondrocytes to replace those that die.
64
zone of maturation and hypertrophy
older and larger that are in the proliferative zone.
65
zone of calcified matrix
closest to diaphysis are dead, the matrix around them has calcified
66
epiphyseal line
are mature bones from the epiphyseal plate
67
modeling
deposition of new bone beneath the periosteum not only increase the diameter of the diaphysis also increase the diameter of the medullary cavity
68
remodeling
resorption of old or damaged bone takes place on the same surface where new bone to replace which is resorbed
69
fracture
broken bone
70
closed reduction
broken bone is set into natural position without surgery
71
open reduction
surgery to expose the fracture and reset the bone
72
transverse
straight across the long axis bone
73
oblique
an angle that is not 90 degrees
74
spiral
segments pulled apart as a result of twisting motion
75
comminuted
several brakes, small pieces between two large segments
76
impacted
one fragment driven into the other which result of compression
77
greenstick
partial fracture only one side is broken
78
fracture hematoma
blood clot forms after 6 to 8 hours after fracture
79
internal callus (plural = calli)
48 hours after fracture, chondrocytes form endosteum by creating fibrocartilaginous matrix between two ends of broken bones
80
external callus
hyaline cartilage and bone, respectively, outside of the break
81
calcium
needed to make calcium which form hydroxyapatite crystals that gives bone its hardness
82
vitamin D
calcium absorption
83
vitamin K
supports bone mineralization, effect with vitamin d
84
magnesium
component of bone
85
fluoride
component of bone
86
omega-3 fatty acids
reduces inflammation that may interfere with osteoblast function
87
Growth hormone
increases length, enhances mineralization, improves bone density
88
thyroxine
bone growth, synthesis of bone matrix
89
sex hormones
osteoblastic activity, production of bone matrix, adolescent growth spurt, conversion of epiphyseal plate and line
90
calcitriol
absorption of calcium and digestive tract
91
parathyroid hormone
osteoclast proliferation, resorption bone by osteoclasts; reabsorption of calcium by kidney tubules; increases calcium absorption by small intestine
92
calcitonin
osteoclast activity and calcium uptake by bones
93
hypocalcemia
abnormally low levels of calcium, adverse effect on the body system (circulation, muscles, nerves and bone)
94
hypercalcemia
abnormally high levels of calcium, nervous system is underactive which result in (lethargy, sluggish reflexes, constipation, loss of appetite, confusion, severe cases, coma)

Bio 168 (1 decks)

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