ch 6 and ch 7

Question 1

what is land tenure

Answer 1

land holding

Question 2

do ppl that have extensive rights to land have a sustainable livelihood than people who have limited rights to land?

Answer 2

yes they are better off

Question 3

what are land tenure systems?

Answer 3

they determine who can use the resources for how long and under what conditions

Question 4

how can land tenure relatioinships be defined?

Answer 4

either enforcabkle by law or structures in the community

or poorly defined and open to explotation

Question 5

have yields of crops per hectare been increasing ?

Answer 5

yes everywhere but SSA its been steadily increasing

Question 6

do poor countries have a lot of labor force in agricluture?

Answer 6

yes up to 90% of labor force is in agriculture in poor countries

Question 7

is the share of agriculture also high in terms of the GDP share in poor countries?

Answer 7

yes that as well

Question 8

what is substinence farming?

Answer 8

nearly all crops/livestocj is used by family of farmer, little to trade

Question 9

how is substinence farming done

Answer 9

output and productivity are low
only basic tools used
traditional methods
capital investments low
land and labor main factors of production
small amounts of land

Question 10

why is SSA still highly in substinence stage?

Answer 10

uncertainties in weather
weak institutions or too rigid
no safety nets
need to meet minimal level of output

Question 11

why are small scale farmers resistant to technological innovations in farming techniques or to the introduction of new seeds or cash crops?

Answer 11

normally=
rational income will always choose method of production that will increase output or lower cost

BUT=
this theory is assumed that farmers have perfect knowledge of all technological in and output as well as current information about prevailing factor and product prices

Access to information is highly imperfect

Question 12

what are cash crops

Answer 12

crops made to sell for profit

Question 13

what doe substinence farmers make most (what do they make on their farms)?

Answer 13

banana/pineapple
maize/rice
cassava

Question 14

agriculture based countries have most of their poor people in cities or in rural?

Answer 14

in rural

Question 15

do urbanized countries have their poor people in the city or in the rural?

Answer 15

poor people are in the city

Question 16

when countries transform from agricuture based to urbanized countries the poor move from rural to city, is this true?

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

are agriculture productivtiy and average grain yield higher in high income countries?

Answer 17

yes by a big margin

Question 18

from a scale from 0 to 1 , what does land distribution gini mean?

Answer 18

1 means a single agricultural holding holds all the land
and 0 menas all agricultural holdings hold the same amount of land

how much a monopoly on a land exists

Question 19

have modern inputs like irrigation, improved variety of seeds and fertilizer consumption increased over the last 40 years globally?

Answer 19

yes

Question 20

how do women in agriculture differ than men in agriculture?

Answer 20

women work longer hours, and women are most of the laborors in africa and asia (70%)

Question 21

do governemtn assistance programs help women or men?

Answer 21

they tend to reach the men and not the women

Question 22

what are three words you would think of when thinking of substinence farming?

Answer 22

risk aversion, uncertainty and survival

Question 23

why is the traditional neoclassical model of profit maximization with certainty not adequate for substinance farmers?

Answer 23

there is too much uncertainty in price and weather

Question 24

why do risk averse substinence farmers prefer technologies that combine low mean per hectare with low variance to the alternative of high yield but higher risk technologies?

Answer 24

because they need to minimize irsk and need to meet minimum survival levels of output and no variance can be tolerated

Question 25

how can you help there risk averse substinence farmers to help them introduce better techologies?

Answer 25

remove commerical and institutional obstances and minimize risk for example , make better price and weather information as well as profive safety nets and provide credit and insurance access

Question 26

why is high certainty of a certain output (like 10 crop yield) better than low certain of 1 to 20 crop yield is better for small farmers?

Answer 26

becase the high probability of 10 crop yield is just above the minimum consumption requirement which they NEED to fulfill, the other one theoretically makes more output but we dont have the luxury of taking that risk

Question 27

FAO lauching all these mobile apps in tanzania and kenya is to fight what?

Answer 27

to fight imperfect information

Question 28

what do these apps in tanzania from the FAO do ?

Answer 28

info on harvesting, weather, seed choice, retial prices of products, diagnose livestock illness, and how to treat those illnesses

Question 29

----- property : when property is held by a natural or legal person

Answer 29

private property

Question 30

------ property : property is shared among a community

Answer 30

common property

Question 31

----- property: property are held and managed by the government

Answer 31

public property

Question 32

open access : no rights to land or no natural resources have been claimed

Answer 32

open access

Question 33

an owner of a resource with a well defined property righ has a powerful incentive to use that resource (efficiently or not efficiently)

Answer 33

use it efficiently

Question 34

why does a person have a high incentive to use the land that they really own really well?

Answer 34

because a decline in value of the resource represents a personal loss

Question 35

what is tenure?

Answer 35

a bundle of rights

Question 36

what are some rights you have by a tenure of the land

Answer 36

right to use, manage, transfer

Question 37

what are types of legal rights of a tenure (like in a contract)

Answer 37

ownership, tenancy (rent), use right, concession, license

Question 38

what is a concession

Answer 38

an allowance of somethign like yeah you can plant a flower here

Question 39

what is another reason why sole ownership is so high in productivity? (long term)

Answer 39

farmers can pass it on to the future generation or sell it , incentive to invest long term is land tenure and security is well defined

Question 40

what is land tenure security?

Answer 40

right of owner to protection by their government against forced eviction

Question 41

so in easy terms what is land tenure system?

Answer 41

rules to regulate behaviour to use , control and transfer land

Question 42

what is the land tenure system like in tanzania ?

Answer 42

landholders cannot sell their land to foreigners but governmant can sell land to foreigners women cannot own land all land is owned by government theoretically

Question 43

what are the problems with the land tenure systerm in tanzania?

Answer 43

inefficent , no enforcement , fails to minimze risks and negative impacts, women and yound people have difficulties in retaining land rights animal holders lack secure rights to communal land, land conflicts with farmers

Question 44

what is land grabbing?

Answer 44

large scale land aquisitions that displace existing users - sorced resettlement

Question 45

is foreign direct investment mostly the cause of land grabbing

Answer 45

yes

Question 46

what are some reasons for land grabbing by foreign companies/countries?

Answer 46

agriculture, conservation, biofuels, mining and petroleum

Question 47

which part of the world is most affected by land grabbing

Answer 47

Sub saharan Africa

Question 48

what is sharecropping?

Answer 48

poor farmers have acces to land, and give little bit of crops to owner as "payment"

Question 49

what is the history of share cropping

Answer 49

derived from salvery, landowners owned a lot of land, but almost no power and not enough money to pay agricultuiral workers, so they let slaves and poor people use their land and give them some crops in return

Question 50

what are some advantages of sharecropping?

Answer 50

share of risk, poor people could sustain themselves , annd landowners didnt have to pay anyone to produce crops

Question 51

what are some disadvantages of sharecropping?

Answer 51

the interest to cultivate for the cultivator decreases when they know they have to share the yield. (the fact that poor farmers have to give some away reduces the interest to make as much as possible) most of the risk is on the side of the sharecropper (the tenant farmer/the poor person)

Question 52

who is the sharecropper

Answer 52

the poor person/the tenant farmer

Question 53

what is one solution to solve the problem that sharecropping has of being less efficient bc the incentive is lower ?

Answer 53

give sharecropper a larger share of the produce and security of tenure on land give him some security for his land so he feels its his own so the efficiency increases

Question 54

imperfect information about the future is the definition of uncertainty or of risk?

Answer 54

of uncertainty

Question 55

uncertain consequence is the definition of uncertainty or of risk?

Answer 55

risk

Question 56

what are some risks in developing countries?

Answer 56

environmental(weather) market(prices, job security) personal (illness) household(death, family change, births)

Question 57

what is the difference between subjective and objective probability?

Answer 57

to be determined later