Ch 6 Health of Younger Adults-Family planning & population planning Flashcards
(28 cards)
what is family planning
• FAMILY PLANNING helps women and men make decisions abt how many kids they want and how many yrs between pregs they want
what is birth spacing and what are its benefits
• BIRTH SPACING is beneficial to mum and babe as both are usually healthier when women have fewer pregs. When time between one babes birth and the next is short the older babe risks malnutrition as its weaned sooner and there are less resources per child and the younger babe has inc risk of low birthwt and preterm birth
what is contraception
and what is the only guaranteed way of preventing pregnancy
- CONTRACEPTION=intentional prevention of preg
* Complete sexual abstinence is only guaranteed way to prevent preg
what is periodic abstinence
• PERIODIC ABSTINENCE is practiced by some couples who avoid intercourse during days the woman is ovulating
.• Other contraceptives that are longer term:
• Other contraceptives that are longer term: weekly patch, monthly injections, vials placed under the skin of the upper arm that release med for up to 5 years
how do IUDs work
• IUDS create envt unfavourable to sperm and may inhibit the implantation of fertilized eggs in the endometrium
when comparing comparing contraceptive methods using preg rate in 1st year of typical (not perfect use) which are best
IUD is best after sx and abstaining at 1%,
how do M &F condoms compare
are these better than withdrawal method, no contraceptive method, spermicide, periodic abstinence, oral contraceptive, transdermal ring, intravaginal ring
put them in order best to worst
- all the same at 8% are oral transdermal and intravaginal ring;
- male condom has a 15% vs female at 21%
- spermicide alone 29% is comparable to periodic abstinence at 12-25% and withdrawal method at 27%
- no contraceptive method 85%
is abortion a form of contraception
- abortions aren’t a form of contraception as they end a preg rather than prevent it
- ABORTION is termination or loss of a preg
which of those 8 countries had highest contraceptive use
what about worst
• Place with highest contraceptive use was China then brazil then S korea then US. Sierra leone is worst on the graph
what is gravidity, fertility, parity
which is used to measure pregnancies in a population and why
- GRAVIDITY total # of times a woman has been preg and includes miscarriages, abortions, stillbirths, and live births
- FERTILITY is the total # of births, whether a stillbirth or live birth
- PARITY=total number of live births
• Few miscarriages are reported so fertility is used to meas pregs in a pop
what are the goals of family planning in relation to gravidity and parity
• The goal of family planning is to minimize unplanned pregs (dec gravidity) and maximize the health of babes from pregs that do occur (so that parity is as close to possible as gravidity)
what is one of the best predictors of dec fertility and why
• One of best predictors of dec fertility is female education because due to literacy they work outside the home which can delay marriage and first preg. Also educated women can make better decisions about contraception and childbearing as they can understand and act on info
how many kids does a woman need to have to have a “replaccement population”
• Fertility rate impacts pop health. If each woman has avg of 2 kids this produces just a REPLACEMENT POPULATION and the pop size will stay the same over geerations (part of demographic transition fertility rate dec)
fertility rates in Africa vs Canada and Europe
countries with fertility rates >5 or >3 were mostly in sub-saharan/central Africa. Canadas and Europe is <2
which controversial event in Africa & what year was it posited that women should be able to decide how many kids they wanted without interference
• Cairo Conference on Population and development in 1994 which focused on womens empowerment and reproductive rights got religious groups like Roman Catholic Church concerned when the Cairo conference talked about the ability of women to decide how many kids they want without interference
what is happening to the doubling time of pop growth and what shape does pop growth pattern have
when and at how much is the worlds pop expected to level off
- The doubling time is getting shorter. From 1950-1990 the worlds pop doubled from 2.5 billion to 5
- The worlds population has recently had a J shaped growth pattern where theres a sudden recent inc in human pop
- The current pop is approx 7 billion and its expected to level off at about 9 billion by 2100
what is carrying capacity
what can it be approximated with
- CARRYING CAPACITY is max human pop that earth can sustain. Its hard to calculate as it depends on std of living and ultural factors and pop density, climate, and land resources avail
- Carrying capacity can be approximated with ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT estimates based on the per capita area of land nec to meet a pops consumption patterns. Earth probly couldn’t support the current world pop if we all had US ecological footprint
in 1798 this person theorized something grim would happen with the growing pop vs the eart
• 1798 Thomas Malthus proposed a famous scenario where at some point the pop would exceed food supply and the result would be mass famine, epidemics and war but these MALTHUSIAN CATASTROPHES haven’t occurred and food prod is currently moving faster than pop growth
what are two checks on exponential growth
• Two checks on exponential growth are that fertility rates gen dec when economic conditions improve in a region and another is the inc use of modern family planning methods
how do low income countries encourage dec fertility rate
giving direct gov support fr distribution of family planning info and contraceptives.
How long has Kenya had govt population planning policy and why did this come about
Kenya has had govt pop policy sice 1967 and since 2005 have allocated govt funds directly for contracetives to improve maternal and infant survival. These policies come from Kilimajaro programme of action from 2nd African pop conference in Arusha
what is indias govt family planning policy like these days, what do they focus on
how long have they had one
• India has had govt family planning since 1951 and has shifted from focus on distribution of barrier contraceptives to focus on steriliziaton, esp of young women, with a focus on birth spacing
what was chinas policy called, what is the slogan and when did this come about. was it effective?
- China had one of most aggressive policies “late, long, few” policy of the 1970s cut the fertility rate in half
- Chinas one child policy adopted in 1979 had the aim of using economic and educationa incentives to promote 1 child families, esp in urban areas.
