Ch. 6 Practice Quiz Flashcards
(27 cards)
In classical conditioning, any stimulus that naturally elicits a reflexive behaviour is called a/an _____ stimulus, and the behaviour it elicits is called the _____ response
Unconditioned; unconditioned
In classical conditioning, nature provides the _____ connection, and the conditioning provides the _____ connection
UCS-UCR; CS-CR
In classical conditioning, what happens following extinction if the original CS-UCS pairing is renewed?
Less time will be necessary to reacquire the CR than it did to acquire it originally
Positive reinforcement _____ the rate of responding; negative reinforcement _____ the rate of responding
Increases; increases
Which reinforcement schedule yields the highest response rate and is most resistant to extinction?
Variable ratio
With these two schedules, an organism’s response rate falls off after each reinforcement. What are these two schedules?
Fixed-interval and fixed-ratio
A boy runs on an icy sidewalk. He slips and falls. In the future, he no longer runs on an icy sidewalk. This is an example of _____
Positive punishment
A professor’s lecture runs for 50 minutes. Assuming that his students are reinforced by being able to leave at the end of the class, what will their “time-checking” behaviour look like?
Most of their time-checks will come near the end of the class
The first rigorous study of classical conditioning was carried out by _____; the Law of Effect was put forward by _____; the theory of operant conditioning was developed by _____
Ivan Pavlov; Edward Thorndike; B.F. Skinner
Which statement is true about classical conditioning?
A) It is a form of learning in which an animal learns a new association between a stimulus and a response.
B) It is a form of learning in which an animal learns a new association between a behavior and its consequence.
C) It is a form of learning in which an animal learns a new association between two responses.
D) It is a form of learning in which an animal learns a new association between two stimuli.
D) It is a form of learning in which an animal learns a new association between two stimuli.
Sam’s wife always wears the same black nightgown whenever she is “in the mood” for sexual relations. Sam becomes sexually aroused as soon as he sees his wife in the nightgown. For Sam, the nightgown is a(n): _____
Conditioned stimulus
Watson and Rayner (1920) conditioned “Little Albert” to fear white rats by banging a hammer on a steel bar as he played with a white rat. Laer, it was discovered that Albert feared not only white rats but white stuffed toys and Santa’s beard, as well. Albert’s fear of these other objects can be attributed to:
Stimulus generalization
The steady, rapid responding of a person playing a slot machine is an example of the pattern of responding typically generated on a _____ schedule of reinforcement
Variable-ratio
Gloria loved oysters. At her birthday party, she ate some contaminated oysters and vomited that night. After this, Gloria developed a nausua reaction to oysters. Gloria’s nausea reaction to oysters was learned through _____
Classical conditioning
Gloria vomited (she got a bad feeling) after eating some contaminated oysters at her birthday party. After this, she stopped eating oysters. This is an example of _____
Positive punishment
A teacher is trying to teach Johnny to speak in front of the whole classroom. Given that Johnny is shy kid, he wouldn’t be able to give a speech right away. So, instead of promising Johnny a big reward for giving a speech, the teacher gives him a small gift every time he performs a successive approximation of the targeted behavior (e.g., stands in front of the class; goes in front of the class and says his name; reads a passage from a book to the class; and finally gives a speech in front of the classroom). This is an example of ______.
Shaping
A girl has been hit by the school bully and is afraid to go to school. During summer recess her fear of going to school decreases and she is eager to go back. However, the first day back to school her fear returns once again. The reappearance of her fear is an example of _____.
Spontaneous recovery
The process of _____ increases the range of stimuli to which a CR will be made, while _____ decreases or narrows the range of stimuli to which a CR will be made
Stimulus generalization; stimulus discrimination
Once a CR has been conditioned to a particular CS, similar stimuli may also elicit the response. This phenomenon is known as _____
Stimulus generalization
A girl has taught her dog whenever she says, “Speak!” Now, the girl wants to teach her dog to sit whenever she says “sit”. To her surprise, when the girl says “sit” for the first time, the dog barks. The dog’s behaviour is an example of _____
Stimulus generalization
In classical conditioning, learning is assessed by measuring _____; in operant conditioning, learning is assessed by measuring _____; in an experiment to demonstrate the law of effect, learning is assessed by measuring _____
Strength of a physiological response; number of responses within a time interval; time to accomplish a goal
Law of Effect describes the relationship between _____
A behaviour and its consequences
B.F. Skinner invented a device known as the operant chamber. This apparatus was designed to allow researchers to manipulate the _____
Consequence of a behaviour
A man and a woman are farm workers. The man is paid every week for his work, while the woman is paid for every two bushels of fruit she picks. The man is under a _____ schedule of payment; the woman is under a _____ schedule of payment
Fixed-interval; fixed ratio
