CH 6: Special Senses Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
General senses of touch
A
− Temperature
− Pressure
− Pain
2
Q
Special senses
A
− Smell
− Taste
− Sight
− Hearing
− Equilibrium
3
Q
either large, complex sensory organs sensory organs (eyes and ears) or localized clusters or receptors (taste buds and olfactory epithelium)
A
Special sense receptors
4
Q
complex sensory organs sensory organs
-example
A
eyes and ears
5
Q
localized clusters or receptors
-example
A
taste buds and
olfactory epithelium
6
Q
__percent of all sensory receptors are in the eyes
A
70
7
Q
70 percent of all sensory receptors are in the ___
A
eyes
8
Q
Protection for the eye (2)
A
-bony orbit
-cushion fat
9
Q
Accessory structure of the eye (2)
A
eyelids
eyelash
10
Q
modified sebaceous sebaceous glands produce an oily secretion to lubricate the eye
A
Meibomian glands
11
Q
modified sweat glands between
the eyelashes
A
Ciliary glands
12
Q
Membrane that lines the eyelids lines the
eyelids
A
Conjunctiva
13
Q
Connects to the surface of the eye
A
Conjunctiva
14
Q
Secretes mucus to lubricate the eye
A
Conjunctiva
15
Q
produces lacrimal produces
lacrimal fluid
A
Lacrimal gland
16
Q
drains lacrimal fluid from eyes
A
Lacrimal canals
17
Q
Lacrimal apparatus (2)
A
-Lacrimal gland
-*Lacrimal canals
18
Q
provides passage of lacrimal fluid
towards nasal cavity cavity
A
Lacrimal sac
19
Q
empties lacrimal fluid into the nasal cavity
A
Nasolacrimal duct
20
Q
Function of the lacrimal apparatus
A
*Dilute salt solution (tears)
*Contains antibodies and lysozyme
*Contains antibodies and lysozyme
* Protects, moistens, and lubricates the eye
* Empties into the nasal cavity
21
Q
extrinsic (external) eye muscle
A
Muscles attach to the outer surface of the eye
22
Q
Produce gross eye movements and make it
possible to follow moving objects
A
extrinsic (external) eye muscle
23
Q
-eye wall is composed of
-interior is filled with fluids called
A
three tunics coats
humors
24
Q
Structure of the eye (4)
A
- Fibrous tunic (sclera) outside layer
- Choroid
- Choroid middle layer
- Sensory tunic inside layer
25
Fibrous tunic (2)
sclera
cornea
26
*White connective tissue layer
sclera
27
*Seen anteriorly as the “white of the eye”
sclera
28
*Transparent, central anterior portion
Cornea
29
The only human tissue that can be
transplanted without fear of rejection– no
blood vessels
Cornea
30
Blood-rich nutritive tunic
choroid layer
31
prevents light from scattering
inside the eye
dark pigment
32
Dark pigment prevents light from scattering inside the eye
choroid layer
33
Choroid layer is modified interiorly into two structures
ciliary body
iris
34
smooth muscle to which the
lends is attached
ciliary body
35
Pigmented layer that gives eye color
iris
36
rounded opening in the iris for light
to enter
pupil
37
Contains receptor cells (photoreceptors)
sensory tunic (retina)
38
Sensory Tunic contains receptor cells (photoreceptors)
*Rods
*Cones
39
sensory tunic signal pass from photoreceptors via a two neuron chain
*Bipolar neurons
*Ganglion cells
40
Signals leave the retina toward the brain
through the
optic nerve
41
Most are found towards the edges of the
retina
rods retina
42
Allow dim light vision and peripheral vision
rods retina
43
Perception is all in gray tones
rods retina
44
Perception is all in __
gray tones
45
Allow for detailed color vision in bright light
Cones
46
Densest in the center of the retina
Cones
47
area of the retina with only
cones– lateral to each blind spot
Fovea centralis
48
No photoreceptor cells are at the ____ or ___– where the ____ leaves the
eyeball
optic disk, or blind spot
optic nerve
49
result of lack of one cone
type
Color blindness
50
Impulses received at the same time are
interpreted as
intermediate colors
51
Biconvex crystal-like structure
lens
52
Held in place by a suspensory ligament attached to the ciliary body
lens
53
internal eye chamber fluids
Aqueous humor
Vitreous humor
54
Watery fluid found in chamber between the lens and cornea
Aqueous humor
55
Similar to blood plasma
Aqueous humor
56
Aqueous humor helps maintain
intraocular pressure
57
*Provides nutrients for the lens and cornea
Aqueous humor
58
Aqueous humor is reabsorbed into venous blood through the canal of
Schlemm
59
*Gel-like substance behind the lens
Vitreous humor
60
Keeps the eye from collapsing inward by
reinforcing it internally
Vitreous humor
61
Lasts a lifetime and is not replaced
Vitreous humor
62
form when the lens becomes
increasingly hard and opaque over time requiring
a transplant or special glasses
cataracts
63
results when the drainage of aqueous
humor is blocked and pressure within the eye increases dramatically and compresses the delicate retina and optic nerve causing pain and blindness
Glaucoma
64
Light must be focused to a point on the ___ for optimal vision done by the ___
retina
lens
65
The ____ is set for distance vision for
distance vision (over __ ft away)
resting eye
20
66
The lens must change__ to focus for closer
objects accommodation
shape
67
formed on the retina
Real image
68
real image are formed in
retina
69
Photoreceptors of the retina
visual pathway
70
Optic nerve crosses at the ____ to the opposite side
optic chiasma
71
result are the optic tracts
Fiber tracts
72
Optic tracts contains fibers from the____ of the eye on the ___ and the ___ of the ___
lateral side
same side
medial side
opposite eye
73
Internal muscles are controlled by the
autonomic nervous system
eye reflexes
74
causes pupils to constrict through
action of radial and ciliary muscles
photopupillary reflex
bright light
75
*Bright light causes pupils to constrict through action of (2)
radial and ciliary muscles
76
Viewing close objects causes
accommodation– accommodation pupillary
reflex
photopupillary reflex
77
control eye movement to follow objects
External muscles
78
Viewing close objects causes
convergence
79
the ear houses two senses
*Hearing
*Equilibrium (balance)
80
respond to physical forces
mechanoreceptors
81
Although *Hearing and *Equilibrium (balance) organs are housed together in the ear, their receptors respond to ___ and are ____
different stimuli
activated independently
82
The ear is divided into three areas
*Outer (external) ear
*Middle ear
*Inner (internal)
83
ear structures involved in hearing only
outer and middle
84
functions in both equilibrium and hearing
inner ear
85
Structures of the external ear
Pinna (auricle) the ear
*External auditory canal
86
Narrow chamber in the temporal bone
external auditory canal
87
external auditory canal is lined with
skin
88
secrete earwax– cerumen
Ceruminous (wax) glands
89
the external auditory canal ends at the ____
where sound waves hit and cause vibrations
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
90
Air-filled cavity within the temporal bone
middle ear, tympanic cavity
91
Two tubes are associated with the inner ear
oval window and the inferior, membrane covered round window
92
*The opening from the auditory canal is
covered by the
tympanic membrane
93
*The auditory tube connecting the middle ear with the
throat
94
*Allows for equalizing pressure during
yawning or swallowing
auditory tube
95
Three bones span the tympanic cavity– the ossicles
*Malleus (hammer)
*Incus (anvil)
*Stapes (stirrup)
96
Vibrations from eardrum move the
malleus
97
Amazeof bony chambers within the temporal bone called the
osseous or bony labyrinth
98
Inner ear or bony labyrinth parts
*Cochlea
*Vestibule
*Vestibule
*Semicircular canals
99
Bony labyrinth is filled with a plasma-like fluid called
perilymph
100
Inside of perilymph is a membranous labyrinth that contains a thicker fluid called
endolymph
101
corni is Located within the
cochlea
102
hair cells on the basilar
membrane– hearing receptors membrane–
hearing receptors
receptors
103
Receptors, hair cells on the ____– hearing receptors membrane
basilar
membrane
104
___ membrane is capable of
bending hair cells
Gel-like tectorial
105
__nerve attached to hair cells
transmits nerve impulses to____ on temporal lobe
Cochlear
auditory cortex
106
107
Vibrations from sound waves move
tectorial membrane
108
Hair cells are bent by the
membrane
109
An action potential starts in the
cochlear nerve
110
can lead to adaptation– stop responding to those sound
Continued stimulation
111
Receptor cells are in two structures
*Vestibule
*Semicircular canals
112
* Equilibrium has two functional parts
*Static equilibrium
*Dynamic equilibriu
113
receptors in the vestibule
Maculae
114
Report on the position of the head with
respect to gravity– help determine up
from down
Maculae
115
Send information via the vestibular
nerve
Maculae
116
Maculae send information via the
vestibular nerve
117
Hair cells are embedded in the
otolithic membrane
118
float in a gel around the hair cells
otolithics
119
(tiny stones)
Otoliths
120
Movements cause otoliths to bend the
hair cells which send impulses along the
__ to __
vestibular nerve to the cerebellum
121
receptors in the semicircular canals
Crista ampullaris
122
Crista ampullaris (2)
*Tuft of hair cells
*Cupula (gelatinous cap) covers the hair cells
123
stimulates the hair cells– gelatinous cap
cupula
124
An impulse is sent via the ___ to the ___
vestibular nerve
cerebellum
125
Senses that uses chemoreceptors
taste and smell
126
Taste has ___ types of receptors
four
127
Taste and smell senses complement each other and respond to many of the __
same stimuli
128
are in the roof of the nasal cavity
Olfactory receptors
129
sense of smell
olfaction
130
Neurons with long cilia–
olfactory hairs
131
Impulses in olfaction are transmitted via the ___ which makes up the ___
olfactory filaments
olfactory nerve
132
Interpretation of smells is made in the
olfactory cortex
133
house the receptor organs
taste buds
134
* Location of taste buds (3)
*Most are on the tongue
*Soft palate
*Inner cheeks
135
The dorsal tongue is covered with projections called
papillae
136
– sharp with no taste buds
Filiform papillae
137
– rounded with taste buds
*Fungiform papillae
138
– large papillae with taste buds
Circumvallate papillae
139
Taste buds are found on the s
ides of papillae
140
he specific cells that respond to chemical
dissolved in saliva are
epithelial cells
141
Surrounded by supporting cells in the taste
bud
Gustatory cells
142
Structure of taste buds
*Surrounded by supporting cells in the taste bud
*Have gustatory hairs (long microvilli)
*Hairs are stimulated by chemicals dissolved in saliva
143
Impulses are carried to the gustatory complex by several____ because taste buds are found in different areas
cranial nerves
144
(long microvilli)
gustatory hairs
145
anterior tongue specifically
facial nerve
146
structure of taste buds
*Facial nerve
*Glossopharyngeal nerve
*Vagus nerve
147
Taste sensation
* Sweet receptors
* Sour receptors
* Bitter receptors
* Salty receptors
148
Taste sensation
* Sweet receptors
* Sour receptors
* Bitter receptors
* Salty receptors
* Sweet receptors
*Sugars
*Saccharine
*May respond to the OH
*Some amino acids
* Sour receptors
*Acids
*May respond to the H+
* Bitter receptors
*Alkaloids
* Salty receptors
*Metal ions in solution
149
are outgrowths of the brain
Eyes
