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BioChem > Ch. 7 > Flashcards

Ch. 7 Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Common biological roles of carbohydrates

A

energy storage
metabolic intermediate
nucleic acids
structural
cell recognition
cell signaling

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2
Q

Common features of carbohydrates

A

(CH2O)n
chiral centers
linear and cyclic structures
glycosidic bonds
H-bond donors and acceptors

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3
Q

aldehyde containing sugar

A

aldose

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4
Q

ketone containing sugar

A

ketos

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5
Q

3 carbon sugar

A

triose

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6
Q

4 carbon sugar

A

tetrose

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7
Q

5 carbon sugar

A

pentose

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8
Q

6 carbon sugar

A

hexose

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9
Q

7 carbon sugar

A

heptose

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10
Q

How is stereochemistry assigned to sugars

A

bottom most chiral center orientation

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11
Q

D orientation

A

hydroxyl group on the right

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12
Q

L orientation

A

hydroxyl group on the left

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13
Q

Most common orientation of sugars in nature

A

D

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14
Q

Epimers

A

differ at one of several chiral centers

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15
Q

Constitutional isomers

A

differ in the order of attatchment

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16
Q

Enantiomers

A

Non superimposable mirror images

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17
Q

Diastereomers

A

Isomers that are not mirror images

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18
Q

Anomers

A

differ at asymmetric carbon in ring structure

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19
Q

5 membered ring sugar

A

furanose form

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20
Q

6 membered ring sugar

A

pyranose form

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21
Q

favored ring size of aldohexos sugars

A

pyranose form

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22
Q

favored ring size of aldopentos sugars

A

furanose form

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23
Q

favored ring size of ketohexos

A

furanose form

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24
Q

Oxidation at carbon 1 in aldos sugars

Study These Flashcards
A

forms carboxylic acid (aldonic acid)

25
Oxidation at carbon 6
uronic acid
26
Oxidation ar carbons 1 and 6
aldaric acid
27
what is mutarotation
interconversion between open chain and α and β cyclic forms
28
What is a reducing sugar
contains an aldehyde or anomeric hydroxyl group that can be oxidized to carboxylic acid
29
What happens in deoxygenation
replace hydroxyl group with H or CH3
30
What is a Fehling test used for
Treat solution with Cu2+ to find aldehyde containing sugars through a red solid
31
Phosphate esters
replace hydroxyl group with a phosphate group (PO4)
32
Amino sugar
replace OH with NH2
33
Glycosidic bond
replace anomeric OH with OR or NH2
34
Consequence of forming glycoside
traps sugar in cyclic form
35
Disaccharides
2 sugars linked by glycosidic bond
36
Two roles of polysaccharides
energy storage and structure
37
3 types of energy storage polysaccharides
Starch, Glycogen, and Dextrans
38
Starch is made up of what?
α-amylose and amylopectin
39
α-amylose structure
linear chain of α1-4 linkage of D-glucose
40
amylopectin structure
linear chain of α1-4 linkage of D-glucose and α1-6 branches (every 12-30 units)
41
Glycogen structure
Similar to amlyopectin but more heavily branched
42
Benefits of heavily branched polymers
can be broken faster
43
Dextrans structure
linear chain of α1-6 linkage of D-glucose with braches
44
Two structural polysaccharides
Cellulose and Chitin
45
Structure of Cellulose
linear chain of β1-4 linkage of D-glucose
46
Structure of Chitin
similar to cellulose but with an acetamide at C2
47
α-amylase enzymatic role
hydrolyzes α1-4 linkages
48
cellulase enzymatic role
hydrolyzes β1-4 linkages
49
lactase enzymatic role
cleaves galactose and glucose β1-4 linkages
50
What are glycosaminoglycans
linear chains of repeating disaccharides with at least one charged group and an amino sugar
51
What is peptidoglycan
provides strength to bacterial cell walls
52
What are Glycoproteins
protein with covalently linked oligo- and polysaccharide groups
53
How are glycoproteins linked
O-linked (Ser, Thr, or hydroxylysine) N-linked (Asn)
54
What effects to sugars have on a protein
can effect shape, solubility, location, and degradation
55
How is sialic acid used in degradation
As sialic acid is cleaved off, the protein can bind to a receptor better to be degraded
56
What are lectins
class of proteins that bind carbohydrates with high specificity and affinity
57
How to selectins directly help luekocytes
the leukocyte binds to the selectins to be directed towards the site of infection
58
common structural features of proteoglycans
extracellular protein

BioChem (5 decks)

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