ch 7

Question 1

recommended volume to centrifuge urine

Answer 1

400-450 g

Question 2

(sternheimer-malbin)

Answer 2

crystal-violent and safranin
–> enhances visualization
prefrerred

Question 3

acetic acid staining

Answer 3

brings out nuclear detail of WBCs and lyses RBCs
–> visualizes WBS

Question 4

fat stains

Answer 4

sudan III or oil red O
–> identify fats inside cells or free floating

Question 5

gram stain

Answer 5

identifies bacteria and yeast (not used for urinalysis

Question 6

prussian blue stain

Answer 6

stains iron in hemosiderin granules blue

Question 7

hansel stain

Answer 7

methylene blue and eosin-Y
–> identifies eosinophils

Question 8

microscopy techniques

Answer 8

brightfield, phase contrast, polarizing, interference contrast

Question 9

brightfield microscopy

Answer 9

most commonly used (black and white)

Question 10

phase contrast

Answer 10

ideal for urine sediments as it allows for more detailed visualization of translucent components and living cells

Question 11

polarizing

Answer 11

confirms presence of cholesterol
–> used on crystals

Question 12

interference contrast

Answer 12

three dimensional images, but high cost prevents use by most laboratories

Question 13

formed elements

Answer 13

not all formed elements are abnormal
–> large amounts is diagnostically significant

Question 14

RBCs

Answer 14

biconcave disks
–> normal RBC is less than 3 per hpf

Question 15

increased RBC can mean

Answer 15

with casts: renal bleeding
no casts: bleeding below kidney

Question 16

positive strip test for blood with no RBCs visible

Answer 16

RBC were lysed –> hemoglobin tests are positive
false positive

Question 17

false negative strip test for blood with RBCs seen

Answer 17

ascorbic acid interference = false negative

Question 18

WBC in urine

Answer 18

can be seen in urine normally
–> less than 8 per hpf

Question 19

WBC casts mean…

Answer 19

upper urinary tract infection

Question 20

increased WBCs but no cast

Answer 20

evidence of lower urinary tract infection

Question 21

leukocyturia

Answer 21

increased WBCs

Question 22

increased WBC are indicative of

Answer 22

inflammatory urinary tract conditions and almost all renal diseases

Question 23

epithelial cell in urine

Answer 23

can either mean
–> normal cell turnover
–> damage from inflammation

Question 24

large number of epithelial cells indicate..

Answer 24

improperly collected urine

Question 25

3 basic types of epithelial in urine

Answer 25

squamous, transitional, renal tubular

Question 26

squamous cells in urine

Answer 26

rarely significant; usually from contaminatin

Question 27

transitional cells in urine

Answer 27

seen in UTIs, urinary prodcedures, and carcinoma

Question 28

renal tubular cells in urine

Answer 28

seen in acute ishemic or toxic renal tubular disease from heavy metals or drug

Question 29

where are casts formed

Answer 29

in distal and collecting tubules

Question 30

types of cast

Answer 30

hyaline, waxy, WBC, RBC, renal tubular cell, mixed cell, granular, fatty, bacterial

Question 31

crystals in urine

Answer 31

formed in vivo and can cause tubular damage

Question 32

factors influencing crystal formation

Answer 32

concentration of urine solute, urine pH, slow flow of urine through tubules

Question 33

types of crystals

Answer 33

amorphous urates, calcium oxalate, (basically things that end in urate or phosphate)