Ch 7

Question 1

Sensation

Answer 1

Detection of sense info

Unconscious

Question 2

Perception

Answer 2

Interpretation, organization, understanding of sense info

Conscious

Question 3

Selective perception

Answer 3

Focus on one thing while ignoring others

Frontal lobe functioning

Question 4

Measuring attention/perception

Answer 4

Orienting
Habituation
Preferential looking
Evoked potentials

Question 5

Inattentional blindness

Answer 5

Gorilla and basketball court

You focus on something and ignore the peripheral stimuli

Question 6

Change blindness

Answer 6

Switch person experiment

Dont notice changes

Question 7

Orienting

Answer 7

Move towards something shows ability to detect it

Question 8

Habituation

Answer 8

Bored to renewed interest
Ex. Show a res card repeatedly, child gets bored
Then show a blue card and shows renewed interest

Question 9

Preferential looking

Answer 9

Which stimuli they prefer to look at

Ex shapes in mobile, faces

Question 10

Evoked potentials

Answer 10

Look at neuronal activity in a brain area

Can look at long term functions

Question 11

Touch and pain

Answer 11

Babies cry, show increased hr and cortisol when pricked

Sensitivity to touch in womb: baby will root, display different reflexes (palmar also)

2mo after conception

Question 12

Smell and taste

Answer 12

Smell: evident prenatally
Prefers smell of mothers amniotic fluid at birth
Newborns pos or neg responses to smells and tastes (facial expressions, disgust)
Will increase rate of sucking

Question 13

Hearing

Answer 13

28 week old FETUS shows reactivity to sound
Eyelids clamp
Mothers voice is preferred: increase in sucking rate
Prefer familiar stories, languages, will increase sucking
Prefer low frequency sounds (voice and language dev) and improves at 6mo

Question 14

Sound location

Answer 14

10 min after birth
Recalibration/ adjustments with head growth (larger distance between ears)
7 months: location and distance of sound
Startle reactions

Question 15

Vision

Answer 15

Track moving objects

Newborns perceive contrast but few colours

Question 16

Visual acuity

Answer 16

Clarity of visual images
20/400 to 20/800
What they see at 20 feet we see at 400 feet 
By 1 year= same as adult
Focus 7-8 inches away

Question 17

Visual accomodation

Answer 17

Lenses bending with distance

Neural networks not developed in newborn

Question 18

Perceiving colours

Answer 18

1 mo: blue and gray, red from green

3-4 mo: all colours (like adults)

Question 19

Visual relations

Answer 19

Babies look longer at shape that is misalligned: visual detection
Between 1 and 3 mo begin to organize visual stimuli together (notice discrepancies)

Question 20

Perceiving faces

Answer 20

1 mo: look at edges, periphery

3mo: look at facial features, eyes, nose, etc.

Question 21

Depth

Answer 21

By 7 mo (approx same time as crawling)
Increase in hr at sharp drop off
Peripheral vision critical to depth perception (develops balance)

Question 22

Depth - convergence

Answer 22

More convergence=closer the image

Question 23

Retinal disparity

Answer 23

Close one eye and then other

Images “jump” more when closer

Question 24

Vestibular sensitivity

Answer 24

Sensory feedback from vestibular organs: balance and body posture
More alert in vertical posture
Necess for motor skills
Conflict between visual and vestibular can occus
Visual cues can outweigh vestibular cues (ex moving wall)

Question 25

Intermodal perception

Answer 25

Cues from different senses go together | More modalities involved(senses)=child pays more attention

Question 26

Exploratory intermodal relations

Answer 26

Inborn ability to spatially relate among sensory modes | Ex. Will orient towards a sound/ stimuli

Question 27

Intermodal representation

Answer 27

Mental representations that bridge touch and visual & auditory and visual Ex. The infant startled when shown a bear that looks fluffy but is rubbery, rough By 6mo

Question 28

Audio-visual redundancy

Answer 28

Hammer and hammering sound experiment. Both image and sound are out of sync, the baby pays more attention and detected change to the synchronized stimuli Indicates integration of sensory info/modes

Question 29

Attention

Answer 29

``` Improves as frontal lobes develop: Control of attention Ignoring irrelevant info Planfulness Adjusting attentional strategies ```

Question 30

Scanning

Answer 30

Becomes more efficient with age: More careful in gathering visual info More flexible in search strategies Less likely to be distracted in their searches

Question 31

Adhd i and ii + criteria

Answer 31

1. Inattention: difficulty organizing tasks, does not seem to listen when spoken to 2. Hyperactive and impulsivity: fidgets, difficulty waiting turn At least some symptoms present before 7 Impairment present in 2 or more settings Clear evidence of sig impairment (social, academic, occupational)

Question 32

Neurological basis adhd

Answer 32

Abnormalities of cc: some functions in one side inhibited by other side (normal) In adhd: problems, so hemispheres cant inhibit certain functions Frontal lobes: right hem bigger in normal ppl Adhd: symmetry Right hem: control of attention Smaller, so lose ability to control attention PET: lower levels of blood flow in right (glucose). Hypofrontality: lower blood flow in frontal lobes Frontal basal circuitry: circuit btwn front lobes and basal ganglia PET shows lower blood flow in basal ganglia Bg: crucial role in augmenting inhibitory effect of frontal lobe

Question 33

Stimulants for adhd

Answer 33

Stimulates metabolism and inhibitions that they lack