Ch 7 A - Structure of Organic Compounds Flashcards
(26 cards)
what properties of carbon allow it to bond to a variety of atoms
- its valence electron number
- relative bond strength
- relative stability of carbon bonds with other elements.
number and uses of carbons valence electrons
4 valence electrons
-Each carbon atom
forms four bonds in a tetrahedral arrangement
- carbon is able to form either single, double, or triple bonds
with either itself or other elements
factors that impact the energy of chem bond
bond length
* the difference in electronegativity of the atoms involved
* size of the atoms.
bond length
distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms
vary depending on the strength of the
electrostatic attraction between the nuclei of the bonded atoms and their
shared electrons.
relation between bond length and energy
in general bond energy (and hence bond strength) increases as the length of a
bond decreases.
relationship between electronegativity and bond strength
bonds formed between elements with larger differences in electronegativity form stronger bonds
alkanes
general formula
general structure
saturated hydrocarbons that have only single
carbon-carbon bonds in their structures.
Cn H2n + 2
linear or branched
chains (due to the presence of side chains)
alkenes
general formula
general structure
unsaturated hydrocarbons - at least one c-c double bond
Cn H2n
double bond causes a kink in the carbon chain
cycloalkane
an alkane arranged in a closed
ring with no terminal carbon.
ie cyclohexane
each carbon atom is bonded to two
adjacent carbon atoms and two hydrogen atoms.
branched alkanes general formula
Cn H2n
Cyclohexane and benzene are
hydrocarbons with a cyclic structure.
Benzene
cyclic compound
- 6 carbon atoms in its ring structure,
each bonded to one hydrogen atom and two adjacent carbon atoms. One electron
from each carbon atom is delocalised and shared equally between carbon atoms
in the ring, resulting in a very stable formation
Haloalkanes
are alkane-based compounds that have one or more halogen atoms
bonded to the carbon chain(in place of hydrogens)
why do haloalkanes have a polar bond
more electronegative than carbon atoms
- tendency to attract
the shared pair of electrons to their own nucleus.
- polar bond
carbon atom has a partial positive charge
- halogen atom has a partial negative charge
Amine
organic compound with an amino functional group (−NH2)
Alkyl group
group containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms (e.g. −CH3, −CH2CH3)
Amide functional groups
(−CONH)
contains a carbonyl group (C=O) whose carbon atom is bonded to
a nitrogen atom
Primary amide
organic compound that contains an amide functional group at a terminal carbon atom (−CONH2)
nitrogen is only bonded to one carbon - hence found at terminal carbon
Alcohols
derivatives of hydrocarbons that have a hydroxyl (−OH) group bonded to a carbon atom in the carbon chain.
OH in place of a H
primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols
carbon that is bonded to OH, is also bonded to one, two and three alkyl groups respectively
Aldehydes and ketones
are compounds that have a carbonyl group (C=O) in
their structures
carbon in the carbonyl group is able to take part in two more covalent bonds.
Aldehydes
one remaining carbon bonds with hydrogen, forming (-CHO) functional group.
only exists at the end of a carbon chain.
The carbon atom can then either bond with a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group.
ketones
organic compound that contains a carbonyl functional group (C=O), where the
carbon atom in the −C=O group is bonded to two other carbon atoms (aka alkyl groups)
Carboxyl group
a combination of hydroxyl (−OH) and carbonyl (C=O) groups functional groups (−COOH) attached to a single carbon atom
found at the
end of the carbon chain
may either bond to an
alkyl group or a hydrogen atom
